FionaUndritt Readanddiscovermoreabouttheworld! Thisseriesof non-fictionreadersprovides interestingandeducationaIcontent,with activitiesandprojectwork. SeriesEditor:Haze[Geatches AudioCDPackavailable Word count for this reader:L,20O clti/s G f"e"v*[4 6h $-*v*[ ffi \:p . .''''1'.'.',,.,',.,,,,,;,i:i,,1rrlll.,"ill:'',',.,',;r,r,l,lil..',,,,,,,1 IErTIffi OXFORI) llN(.ll',lllll ,,i "j:-#,l|[illlllillllllsBN 978 0 11r.lr'l rrrlltlllr| , , t ;;-r'",;l:-l ,t.i,r',i,rlilir r .,ili :-, I
S,trtfr'urG,t-u;f FionaUndritt Introduction 3 1 Tunnels 4 2 Bridges 6 3 Skyscrapers 8 4 Dams 10 5 OlympicStructures t2 6 DifferentShapes L4 7 Glassandlce 16 8 AmazingPlaces 18 9 Structuresin Space 20 10 AnimalStructures 22 Activities 24 Projects 44 PictureDictionary 46 About Readand Discover48 OXTORD UNIVERSITY PI{T'SS
()xl'()t<l) ACKNOWLEDCEMENI'S llhAtrdtioruby:20,25,26,28,30;Alan Rowepp 36,47,45,46,47:GarySwiftRebeccaHalls['he Olganisation pp 4, 6, 7. 8, tff PPs, 15,19 ()rli,trl lllrvr.t\tt\ l't'.!\ r.,,r,1' l'.il1|!.nl r,l llr( llntv('lsily ThePublisherswoukl olsoliketo thqnk thcJbllowing|& their kind (,1( )\l0r(l lt lIr l lri r,, l lr, l lrr\' t !tr.,,,1!lrl llr(, ol r'\( clk'ncc pemissim Loreproducephotog:raphsand othcrcopyight motci|al. irtr|i.rrrlr.rrlrr'l,rrslrrl),rr(lr'(l|r.rlr,'| lrr lrllrltsl)lnt Alamypp 5, 10,74,'17,22,23lwoiibat).34;Corbispp 8. 23 w()r'l(ltvrtl ilr (beaver/dam),32 (Beijing airport); Dr David Fishcr,Dynamic ()\l()r1l Nr'\v \,rl Architecftue, A11rights reseNedp 15i Getty Imagesp 9: A structureis somethingmadewith many NASAInagesp 20,21;OxfbrdUniversityPresspp 3, 6, 13,16, Alr( lil.rn(l ( .rlx lowI I ).[ ( \ \.tl.l.[[ | |lrilll Koill1 K.t|lrt lri 32(BeijingStadium);PoseidonUndersea parts,likea house,a schoot,or a bridge. Resons.LLCp t8; I((lirl:l l.rrrrrl)trl M.rrlrrrl Mt,llrrrrr rrr. M(.\tt r' ( llty Nilirol)i RcxFeaturesp 12:TopFotopp 4,7; Superstockp 11: Ntw l)(llli Slr.rrrllh.r l.rltr r lor)nto ww.7-t.co.uk/British Antarctic Surveyp 19, With oliitt's irr It canbe madeof differentmaterialslike At.l.lcntlnJ Austrir llrnzil (.lrilt' (lzt't h l((.1)ltl)li( lililt((. (;rccce (;urtenralr Hrrrrgtrry ltrly litl)iU) ll)Lilt(l l,r)rtrrllill bricks,concrete,glass,wood,or metal.A super Singaporc SouthKorca Switzcrlancl llririlirrtrl )irrkey tJkraine Vietnan structureisverybig,very[ong,orverytat[. oxFoRD and oxFoRD ENGLISH are registcrc(l (ril(lc nurks ofOxfbrd University Press in the UK and in ccrtain other countnes o Oxford University Press 2o1o Tlrc moral rights ofthe author have been asselted Datrbasc' ilght Oxford University Press (maker) l-irst published 2o1o 2014 2013 2Or2 2077 2O7O 1098765432 No unauthorized photocopying All rights reserved. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced, stored in a rctrieval system, or transmitted, in any fbrur or by any [rearrs, without thc prior permission in writiDg of Oxford University Press. or as expressly pemitred by law or urder temrs agreed with the approprirte rcprogrnphi(s rights orgalizirtion. lrquiries conceming reproduction outside the scopc ofthe above should be sent to the ELI Rights Department. Oxford University Press,at the address above You must not circulite this book in any other binding or cover and you nlust impose this same condition on any acquirer A|y wcl)sitcs reli'rr(.(l to itr lltis Publiciltiolt are iD the l)lrl)li( rl{)rlririn rn(l lht.iraddresscs are 1)rovidcd byOxfbrd tlnrv(.hity l'r(.ss Ii)l tnli)rntilioD oltly. Oxford [tniversity Press rltsr l.rrttr rrnl rcslrrnsibtlity lirr th('Contcnt t\trN ,).130 t,).1(,_tl8t n \r .\r(lr' ( l ) l',trk ( ()[1.ilt)lllJ]lllis hx)l( itnd a CD is rlso avtilable t.,rN,I/'3 ()tl,.l().1.1:ttI I lrr'( | t lr,rs.rr lrill( c ol n l)r('l iciilt tn(l Ilritish liltglish Whatstructurescanyouseehere? r{,,rtrl|11'\.'l llr{. (('illl)l('te text. .\rl .lr r r!llll).tll!lllJ' A( livlly ll(x)k is rlso avlilaltle, Howmanypartscanyousee? t .Ir,r'l'X'l').t{'.1.I)t 7 l'r ilrtr'(l t[ { lIn,l Whatarethestructuresmadeof? I lr r\ l,rr,1. r\ l)r rlt(rl r)il l);tlx't I r()l)r ( cfi itied ind r'r'll rrr,rrr,111rl sorrrrr'r Whatotherstructurescanyouthinkof? ffi.W.re Wd Nowreadanddiscover moreaboutsuperstructures! ili,
One of the longestroad tunnels is the LaerdalTunnel in Norway. The tunnel is nearly 25 kilometers long and it goes 'l unnclsgo underwater,underground,or through a mountain. It was built because tl-rroughthe ground. \Weuse tunnels for there'stoo much snow on the mountain mines, trains, and road traffic, or to carry roads in winter. things like gasor water.Tunnels are usually made of metal and concrete. One of the longesttunnels in the world is the SeikanTunnel in Japan.It's nearly 54 kilometers long! It goesbetweentwo islands.It wasbuilt becauseit's too dangerous to travelby boat.The tunnel is for trains, but now many people prefer to travel by plane.
On a suspension l-rridge,the cablesand Bridges go over water or overground. towerscarry the deck. On a beam bridge, the pillars carry the deck. 'l'hc anchorageshold One of the longestbeam bridges is the thc cables. Lake Pontchartrain Causewayin the USA. This bridge is about 38 kilometers long and Suspensionbridges move a little when it's windy. 'l'his isn't usuallya problem,but in 1940 the it has over 91000concretepillars. It goes 'lbcoma Bridge in the USA collapsedin light over water and carries road traffic. winds. It was onlv four months old. 0 t Goto pages26-27foractivities. !a .:'&,lir'ifEt{:4rire€HIEI: . -'
One of the tallest skyscrapers is the Burj Dubai.. It's in Dubai in the United Arab Emirates. \(Ihen there isn't much ground, It's 818 meterstall - that's we can build tall buildings. nearly a kilometer! It's made Very tall buildings are called of a special,strong concrete skyscrapers.The first skyscraper calledreinforced concrete. was the Home InsuranceBuilding. The Burj Dubai has apartments' It was built in Chicago in the shops,swimming pools, hotels, USA in 1885.It was 42 meters restaurants,and a librarY. tall. The tallest skyscrapersare It's like a very tall town! now much taller than this. Do you like it? The PetronasTWin Towers in I(uala Lumpur in Malaysia are the tallest twin buildings.There is a bridge betweenthe two towers called a skybridge. Theconcretein the BurjDubaiweighsthesame asabout100,000elephants! I i.r'li .$*Goto pages28-29foractivities.
Arch dams are also madc of concrctc.'l-l-rcv arc usuall,vsmaller than gravity dams and they are curved. The curve holds back the Some of the biggeststructuresare dams. water.The Moiry Dam in Switzerland is They hold back \vater and make a lake an arch dam. It's 148 meters tall and callcd a rcscrvoir.Dams supply watcr) 610 mctcrs lons. stop floods, and they also makc elcctricity. (iravitv clantsare macic of a lot of concrcte. 'l'hey arc vcrv big and hcarl', ancl this wcight l-roldsback rhc r,l'arcr.Tl-rcItaipu Dam is a gravitv dam. It's in South Amcrica ryr; betwccn Paraguaf anc-lBrazil.It's 196 ,rrii mctcrs tail and ncarlr' 8 kilorr-rcters ",:{y' long. hn-, rf 'r, '\:\ nI; ,#)* morethan4,000yearsagoin ' - '': Egypt.lt neverworkedbecause Goto pages30-31 for activ
There are many super structuresin Beijing in China. Some of them were built for the Olympicsin 2008. Terminal 3 of Beijing Capital Inrernarional Airport is one of the biggestairport terminals in the world. The floor areais more than a squarekilometer.There are sevenfloors, and two of the floors are underground. {b.rc .**;E RedandgoldaretraditionalcolorsforChinese +:n *ry' -g'* buil.dings.RedistheChinesecolorforgood[uck. The Beijing National Stadium is one of the biggestmetal buildings.It's red and gold. It has 80,000 seats.There wcre I 1,000extraseatsfor the Olympics.It also has undergroundpipesto make it warm in winter and cool in summer. Sometimesit's calledthe Bird's Ncst - can you seewhy? Goto pages32-33foractivities.
In 2008, David Fisher designed the first rotating skyscraper. It uses energy from the wind. People want to build these rotating $7ith new building materials, people can skyscrapers in Dubai and in Moscow. build structures in many different shapes. The 02,in London in the United I(ingdom is a dome. It was built for the millennium, the year 2000. The roof is made of a special plastic and glassmaterial. It's 365 meters ffi wide - one meter for every day of the year. tQJ Eachftoorcanrotatea ful.t It has also l2 support towers - one tower circle.Peoplecandecidewhento for every month of the year. rotatetheirftoor.Theskyscraper canbea differentshapeeveryday! fi ,:l r,ir, Goto pages34-35foractivities.
In a village in Sweden, near the Arctic, there is a hotel made of ice called Ice Hotel. The hotel is open from December to April. It has 80 rooms. There are ice sculptures in the rooms. The beds, chairs, and tables are also made of ice. Even the drinking glasses are made of ice! ;ffi ''.llw*1,$ 'pl#$ ; Most buildings are made of concrete, bricks, metal, or wood. Some buildings use different materials. Biosphere 2 inArizona in the USA is made of glassand metal. It's nearly as big as rwo and a half American football fields. Inside, Everyyear,lceHotet there's a rainforest, an ocean, a desert, a isbuiltagainwithnewice. farm, and places for people to live and work. It's a researchcenter. ifl)'.1'
Did you know that people also build structures under the ocean and on ice? The Poseidon Undersea Resort in Fiji is a hotel 12 meters under the ocean.It's made . h&s1 d.", r of very strong metal and plastic.The t:-- - I : i:: a' windows are made of special,clear plastic, J It t_." so people can seefish and other ocean animals from the hotel. To get to the hotel, you travel by submarine! Halley 6 is a researchstation in the Antarctic. It's built on ice.The ice moves 400 meters every year and the structure moves with it. Halley 6 is on skis so people can move it back to the right place. Building in the Antarctic is very difficult speedcanbe150kitometersper hour.Thetemperaturecanbeless than-50 degreescentigrade. Goto pages38*39 for activities.
The ISS is made of metal. It uses energy from the sun. The first part of the ISS went into spacein a rocket in 1998. No astronauts There are also structures went with it. Most other parts went with in space.The International astronauts.Sometimes, astronauts do a Space Station (ISS) is a spacewalkoutside the ISS to attach new parts. researchstation. It's about 350 kilometers aboveEarth. It goes around Earth about 16 times every .#dtt day.It travelsat 27,700 kilometers pcr hour $#''f$$ -r',.,f, - that's nearly 8 kilometers per second! tE -? t *'t l' \ 11 \.1 r" !"*'.*p. '.0 W $ 'W I Youcanseethe ISSfrom Earthwithouta tetescope. **l;; Goto pages40-41 for activities.. .';, _.*_
Wombatsbuild undergrouncl tunnelscalledburrows.Thcy dig with their front paws and Animals can build superstructures,too! bite through things with their Termitesbuild their homeswith mud. teeth.A wombat can dig Thesehomesare tall towerscalledtermite about 2 metersper hour. mounds.The tallesttermite mounds are about 13 meters high. They are termite Beaversbuild dams on the skyscrapers! water to protect themselves from other wild animalslike bears.They build the dams ffi with small trees)stones,and eJfJ "d \{}/ Termitesareinsects. mud. Their dams can be a Thetatlesttermitemounds kilometerlong. arethousandsoftermitesta[[! ir **As& '.i Fo, V t,.,. : l. 1:- "'4, ' -"'i pages42-43 for activities.
r- Circlethe correctwords. t Tunnelsgoiund/eri/overwateror ground. Readpages4-5. 2 Tunnelsaremadeof metalandgtass/ concrete. Match. 3 TheSeikanTunnelis in China/ Japan. It wasbuittbecause 4 TheLaerdaITunnelis in Spain/ Norway. there's toomuchsnowonthe Completethe sentences. mountainroadsin winter. SeikanTunnel throughlongestmetat 25 kitometersunder It wasbuittbecauseit'stoo dangerousto travel"byboat. LaerdaITunnel 1 Tunnetsareusua[lymadeof ,', " clfldconcrete. 3 lt'sfor roadtraffic. 2 TheSeikanTunnelisoneof the tunne[s. 4 lt'sfortrains. 3 TheLaerdalTunnelisnearty long. 4 TheSeikanTunnelgoes thewater. Writetrueor false. 5 TheLaerdalTunnelgoes a mountain. 1 Tunnelscancarrywater. 5 WriteA or B. i i'q,ji;. 2 TheSeikanTunnelis longerthan theLaerdaITunnel. 3 TheLaerdalTunnelisshorterthan ffi*,r* rg," ffib ^o*e theSeikanTunnel. 1 Whichisthe[ongesttunnel? 4 TheSeikanTunnelgoesthroughwater. 2 Whichtunnelgoesunderground?- 5 It'squickerto usetheSeikanTunnel 3 Whichtunnelisfortrains?- thanto traveIbyp[ane. 4 Whichistheshortesttunnet?- 5 Whichtunnelgoesunderwater?- 6 WhichtunneIisforcars?- V-'c''
d Bridses I Findandwritethe words. -a) g h b 6 r d q w 1 bridoe ( Readpages6-7. r a g e -7- a n c h o t 2 trl____ 1 Circlethe correctwords. ! z b e j c e w g o b a e o a r a m w 3 b___ d 1 Bridgesgounderground/ overground. e a e t b t t h e 4 {. 5 2 Thelongest/ shortestbeambridgeis in the USA. a n t c W t b e q r 5 d 3 Beambridgesandsuspensionbridgesbothhavea m e t k a e r r u i 6 g tower/ deck. o f e I h r i o a c 7 't 4 TheTacomaBridgeisa beam/ suspensionbridge. p a V s n g d m t e p t t a c n o a B a s I t Writethe words. Answerthe questions. cable deck piltar deck anchorage tower suspensionbridge fmm#i+ge 1 Whatcarriesthedeckona beambridge? Thsplltnrecarr1ths dscK. 2 Whatcarriesthedeckona suspensionbridge? 'tJ 3 Whatisa problemforsuspensionbridges? 4 Whichbridgecollapsedwhenit waswindy? 6 5 Writeabouta bridgeinyourcountry. 7 8
ffiG ffi s;kw-sffiffi'ffiffi*ffiffis 3 Completethe sentences. I TheTaipei101is eirorter thantheSearsTower. 'r Readpages8-9. (short / shorter/ shortest) ", Match.'wm' 2 TheShanghaithe PetronasTwinTowers.FinancialCenterftatl/ tatter/ tattest)is_ than I SearsTower 3 TheBurjDubaiisthe skyscraper. Wilt Petronas ftatl/ taller/ ta[[est) TwinTowers "l *r ShanghaiTaipei101Wortd 4 TheSearsftall/ta[[erltaltest)Toweris thanthantheTaipei101. FinanciaICenter 5 TheSearsToweris- thantheBurjDubai. 1l BurjDubai (short/ shorter/ shortest) 4 Answerthe questions. 1 Wherewasthewortd'sfirstskyscraperbuitt? F Writethe numbers. 2 Howta[[istheBurjDubai? 10mm 900m 1,000m 92cm 100cm Smm 1 abouta centimeterfu::r*: 3 Whatarethetaltesttwinbuildingscalled? 2 abouta meter 3 abouta kitometer 4 Whatisyourfavoriteskyscraper?Why? ' 4 thesameasa centimeter 5 thesameasa meter 6 thesameasa kitometer
Darns Completethepuzzle. C Readpages10-11. 2+ I Writethe words. reservoircurue archdam concretegravitydam reservoir 1 Thefirstdambuittfett 4 -> downin heavy-. ffi 2 TheMoiry3 GravitydamsDamisarevery _.in _. 4 Gravitydamsaremadeof 5 Archdamsare -. 6 > 6 Damshotdback_. Answerthequestions. 1 Whattypeof damisthe ltaipuDam? 1 4 2 5 2 WhereistheMoiryDam? 3 6 2 Writetrueor false. 3 Withanarchdam,whatholdsbackthewater? 1 Damsmakewater. 4 Witha gravitydam,whatholdsbackthewate?? 2 A reservoiris likea [ake. 3 Damssupplyfood. yourcountry. 5 Writeabouta damin 4 Damsstopfloods. 5 TheltaipuDamista[[erthan theMoiryDam. R\s%
J Completethe sentences. super metal airporttermina[sOtympicscolor ReadpagesL2-L3. 1 RedistheChinese_ forgood[uck. Match. 2 Manybuildingswerebuittforthe in 2008. 1 It'smadeof metal. 3 Beijinghasmany structures. 2 Thefloorareais more 4 Termina[3 oftheBeijingCapitaIInternational thana square Airportisoneof thebiggest kilometer. NationaIStadium 5 TheBeijingNationalStadiumisoneofthebiggest 3 It has80,000seats. Terminal buitdings. 3 4 Sometimesit'scalled Answerthequestions. theBird'sNest. 1 WhenweretheBeijingOlympics? 5 lt'soneofthebiggest airporttermina[s. 2 Beijingisthecapitalof whatcountry? Circtethe correctwords. 1 Termina[3, BeijingCapitalInternationalAirport: WhatistheChinesecotorforgood[uck? lt's in Russia/ China/ theUSA. ft's for cars/ trains,/ planes. 4 WhatistheBeijingNationalStadiummadeof? 2 TheBeijingNationaIStadium: lt'slikea bird'sbus/ nest/ schoot. 5 Writeabouta sportsstadiumin yourcountry. lt'smadeof metat/ wood/ glass. It hasundergroundpillars/ pipes,/ seats.
Completethe sentences. 'rt- materia[sskyscraperdome Readpagest4-t5. Londonday shapes Circlethe correctwords. 1 Withnewbuitding , peoplecanbui[d The02: structuresin different 1 lt wasbuittfortheOlympics/ millennium. 2 The02 is in It'sa 2 Thereare365months/ daysin a year. 3 Therotating canchangeshapeevery 3 ThereareL2months/ daysin a year. Therotatingskyscraper: i Match.Thenwritesentences. 4 lt canrotatea fu[[square,/ circle. TheO2 \, Ina year. 5 lt usesenergyfromthesun/ wind. Thereare72 months ,, energyfromthewind. 6 lt canbea differentfloor,/ shapeeveryday. Everyfloorcanrotate : in a year. Writethe months. 1"..,,. Thereare365days ..""isa dome. SeptemberJune NovemberFebruaryAprit Ju[y Therotating .lanu=art'DecemberAugust May March October a futtcirc[e. skyscraperuses 1 7 1 .. 2 8 2 3 9 3 4 10 4 5 11 5 6 t2
Gla$$anndlce Match. 1 lt's madeof glassandmetal. * Readpagest6-L7. 2 lt's madeof ice. , lceHotel Write the words. 3 lt',sin sweden. bricksglassice wood 4 lt's in the USA. Biosphere2 concretemetal 5 lt's a researchcenter. r\* 6 | wantto gothere. sW Orderthewords. ffi 1 lcelr"s ilnt*"l iq nnads/ Hotel/ made/ is / ice./ of*rf k"s, ffiv& t 2 again./ year/ Hotel/ ts/ Every/ lce/ buiLt 3 open/ lt / from/ is/ Aprit.,/December/ to A Write trueor false. 4 drinking/ glasses/ ice./ The/ made/ of/ are. 1 lceHotelisopeninJanuary. 2 lceHotelis notopenin March. / of / is/ metat./ and 5 glass/ made/ Biosphere2 3 Biosphere2 isa smatltown. 4 Biosphere2 is madeof glassandwood. / There/ in / Biosphere2. 6 a / is/ rainforest 5 Thereisanoceanin Biosphere2. 6 Thereisanicehotelin Biosphere2.
显示前 20 页。下载资料查看完整内容。
暂无评论。快来抢沙发吧！
评论 (0)
暂无评论。快来抢沙发吧！