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Suggested levels for Guided Reading, DRA,Suggested levels for Guided Reading, DRA,™™ Earth ScienceEarth Science Lexile,Lexile,®® and Reading Recoveryand Reading Recovery™™ are providedare provided in the Pearson Scott Foresman Leveling Guide.in the Pearson Scott Foresman Leveling Guide. It’s a WorldIt’s a WorldIt’s a WorldIt’s a World ofof Tofof TTime ZonesTime Zonesime Zonesime Zones bby Adam McClellanbby Adam McClellany Adam McClellany Adam McClellan ComprehensionComprehension GenreGenre Text FeaturesText Features Skills and StrategySkills and Strategy ExpositoryExpository • Sequence• Sequence • Table of Contents• Table of Contents nonfictionnonfiction • Draw Conclusions• Draw Conclusions • Glossary• Glossary • Monitor and Fix Up• Monitor and Fix Up • Maps• Maps • Diagram• Diagram Scott Foresman Reading Street 3.5.3Scott Foresman Reading Street 3.5.3 ì<(sk$m)=bddjab<ì<(sk$m)=bddjab<ISBNISBN 0-328-13390-60-328-13390-6 +^-Ä-U-Ä-U+^-Ä-U-Ä-U
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Reader Response 1. Use a graphic organizer like the oneIt’s a World below to put the following three events from this book in the correct order:of Time Zones People divide the world into 24 time zones at a conference in Washington, D.C. Each town sets its own time. Railroads let people travel long distances quickly. 2. Suppose that one of your classmates is reading page 16 and doesn’t understand why you “move a whole day in time” when you cross the International Date Line. Should that person reread or read ahead to figure out the meaning? Why? 3. Which glossary word fits best in the blank in this sentence? Why? When we crossed the _____ between the United States and Canada, we didn’t haveby Adam McClellan to change the time on our watches. 4. Look at the time zone map on page 8. When it’s 3:16 in the afternoon in Chicago, what time is it in Denver? in Los Angeles? in New York? Editorial Offices: Glenview, Illinois • Parsippany, New Jersey • New York, New York Sales Offices: Needham, Massachusetts • Duluth, Georgia • Glenview, Illinois Coppell, Texas • Ontario, California • Mesa, Arizona
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CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 Measuring Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 CHAPTER 2 The Birth of Time Zones . . . . . . . 6 CHAPTER 3 Time Zones Today . . . . . . . . . . . 10 CHAPTER 4 Time Zone Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for CHAPTER 5 photographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to The International Date Line . . . 16 correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions. Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education. CHAPTER 6 Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R), Around the World in a Minute . 18 Background (Bkgd) Opener Corbis; 1 (TL) ©Alan Schein Photography/Corbis, 1 (TR) ©Michael S. Yamashita/ Now Try This. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Corbis, 1 (BL) ©Jeffrey L. Rotman/Corbis, 1 (BR) ©Paul Almasy/Corbis; 6 ©Bettmann/ Corbis; 14 ©Alan Schein Photography/Corbis; 15 ©Paul Almasy/Corbis; 17 ©Gabe Palmer/Corbis; 18 (T) ©Joseph Sohm; ChromoSohm Inc./Corbis,18 (B) ©Reuters/Corbis; Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 19 (TR) ©Owen Franken/Corbis, 19 (CL) ©Charles & Josette Lenars/Corbis, 19 (BR) ©Jeffrey L. Rotman/Corbis; 20 (TR) ©Michael S. Yamashita/Corbis, 20 (BR) ©Charles O’Rear/Corbis; 21 ©Roger Ressmeyer/Corbis ISBN: 0-328-13390-6 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V0G1 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 3
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Chapter 1 Earth’s rotation Measuring Time How do you tell time? You look at a moon clock, of course! But what clock? Where? How do you tell what time it is across the United Earth States? What about across the ocean, or on the other side of the world? Telling time can take a little more work than just sun glancing at the clock on the wall. Before we can discuss time around the world, we need to understand how time is until it sinks into the western horizon at measured. We measure time in two ways, sunset. by the year and by the day. A year is the The sun seems to travel across the sky time it takes the Earth to make one trip because of the rotation of the Earth. The around the sun. That is 365 days plus six sun’s rays light up only part of the Earth hours. The extra hours add a day to the at any given time. The rest of the Earth is calendar every four years (Leap Year). dark. And as the Earth spins, part of it is The day is measured by the time it takes brought into the light of day and part into the Earth to complete one rotation on its the darkness of night. axis, 24 hours. Because of this action, it wouldn’t make Natural Time much sense to have everyone’s clocks set to Think about how a day would look the exact same time. Imagine if the world if you lived in the wilderness, without a was on the same time, then night and clock. The first thing you would see in the day would come at very different times, morning would be sunrise, when the sun depending on where you lived in the rises above the horizon in the east. Then world. The sun would rise at 6:30 A.M. in the sun slowly makes its way across the sky, some places but at 10:00 P.M. in others! 4 5
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Chapter 2 In the 1800s, however, the growing use The Birth of Time Zones of the railroads changed everything! Trains Many years ago, each town kept its own made travel from town to town much time, based on solar time. Noon marked quicker. A trip that once took a week could the sun at its highest point overhead. now be made by train in a day. Clocks and watches weren’t very Train schedules made people think accurate back then, so people often chose about time. Each railroad line set its a special clock in each town to tell the schedule based on its home city. As a train official time. got farther and farther into its trip, the Different towns would have noon at time on the train became more and more different times of the day. This meant that varied from the time at each station. A their other clock times would be different Philadelphia train might be scheduled too. What was 9:20 A.M. to one town might to arrive in Pittsburgh at 5:00 P.M. But be 9:23 A.M. to another town down the according to Pittsburgh time, it was only road. For a long time, that worked just fine, 4:40 P.M. If you didn’t know the difference, as most people didn’t travel very much. you could miss your train! 6 7
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Eventually, train stations would have People from twenty-five countries met many different clocks on their walls, at a conference in Washington, D.C., to each one set to a different train’s time. solve the problem of telling time around Something had to be done to make it the world. easier to tell time in different places. At the conference, the group decided In 1883, the railroads in the United to divide the world into twenty-four States agreed to divide the country into equal time zones, represented by 15º of four standard time zones: Eastern, Central, longitude. The time in each zone would Mountain, and Pacific. All the cities and be based on adding or subtracting hours towns in each zone would share the exact from the time in the town of Greenwich, same time. England (Greenwich Mean Time, now called Coordinated Universal Time). The conference chose Greenwich because it Pacific Mountain Central Eastern had an observatory that kept accurate information on the Earth’s rotation. For the first time, people had a simple way of knowing what time it was anywhere in the world! Denver Chicago New York Los Angeles 8 9
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Chapter 3 zone lines, so instead of dealing with two Time Zones Today times for the country, the South Koreans In the original plan, the lines between moved the time zone line to the west. That time zones would run straight north and way, all South Koreans would set their south. But things didn’t quite work out watches to the same time. that way! The same thing happened in the United Part of the reason this plan didn’t work States. Some states moved the time zone out was that people in each country were boundaries in one direction or another so able to choose how to set the country’s that the whole state would be in a single time. South Korea, which is a small country, zone. Other states seem to be perfectly was split in half by one of the original time fine with being split into two time zones. AM noon midnight Present-day time zone map of the world. International Date Line Greenwich Time, or Universal Time 10 11 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
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What all this means is that instead of Chapter 4 running straight up and down on a map, Time Zone Facts the world’s time zones are in more of a • It makes sense that the biggest country zigzag pattern from north to south. in the world would have the most time How to Use a Time Zone Map zones. Russia has ten time zones in all! Our time zone map may be more • China should be split into five different confusing today than it was back in 1884. time zones. The Chinese government, But it still allows us to see what time it is however, chooses to have the whole anywhere in the world. Let’s look at how country run on the time of the capital the time zone map works. city, Beijing. That means that the sun First, find where you live on the time may not set in the western part of the zone map. Then write down the time. To country until after 10:00 P.M.! Not only figure out what time it is in the zones to that, but people crossing the border into your west, subtract one hour for each time China from Kazakhstan must set their zone you cross. For the zones to your east, watches ahead by two whole hours. add one hour for each time zone. For example, say it’s 5:30 P.M. in Atlanta, and you want to know the time Kazakhstan in London, England. To get from Atlanta to London, you cross five time zones going east. That means you add five hours to 5:30 P.M., showing you that it’s 10:30 P.M. China in London—getting toward most people’s bedtime. 12 13
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• The time zone with the fewest people returning to New York from London. is probably the tiny frozen islands of You will have to cross five east-to-west South Georgia in the middle of the time zones, which means that you Atlantic Ocean. subtract five hours from London time • Some countries, like India and Iran, on your way to New York. A very fast set their time to be different by a half plane makes the trip in about three and hour instead of a full hour. The country a half hours. So when you get to New of Nepal makes things even more York, it is an hour and a half earlier complicated and sets its clocks fifteen than when you left London! minutes earlier than everyone • The United States has seven time zones else in its time zone. in all (Eastern, Central, Mountain, • If you travel fast enough from east to Pacific, Alaskan, Hawaii-Aleutians, west, you can get to a place “earlier” and Samoans). than when you left! Suppose you are Leave London Arrive New York 14 15
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Chapter 5 The International Date Line There’s another important “time line” on the Earth’s map, the International Date Line. “International” means something that involves many different nations. This isn’t just a time-zone boundary. When you cross the International Date Line, you move a whole day in time! There’s a very good reason for the International Date Line, and it goes back to the fact that the Earth is round. As you know, if you cross time zones heading east, you move ahead an hour for each time zone, and if you cross them heading west, International Date Line, we couldn’t really you move back an hour. know. The International Date Line keeps it Now suppose that two people in simple, however. If you cross it going west, Chicago are looking at a globe. It’s 7:20 on you add a day, and if you cross it going Wednesday evening, and they’re trying to east, you subtract a day. figure out what time it is in Bangladesh, The International Date Line runs through on the other side of the world, twelve the middle of the Pacific Ocean. (See the time zones away. One person counts the map on pages 10–11.) So, in the example time zones going east and the other one here, the person who was counting time counts them going west. They both end up zones going west from Chicago was the in Bangladesh, but one person thinks it’s person who crossed the International 7:20 on Thursday morning there, and the Date Line. They need to add a day to their other says it’s actually 7:20 on Wednesday calculations to get the right answer: in morning. Who’s right? Well, without an Bangladesh, it’s 7:20 on Thursday morning. 16 17
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Chapter 6 the bell that starts the New York Stock Around the World in a Minute Exchange was rung a few minutes ago. So you think you’re getting the hang of Traders are busy trying to buy and sell time zones? Let’s take a quick trip around stocks. the world. Our first stop is Los Angeles, where it’s Across the ocean, 6:33 A.M. Friday morning, Pacific Time. it’s 3:33 P.M., Central The sun is rising, and some people are European Time in getting out of bed or eating a bowl of Rome, Italy. School cereal. Others are already on the has let out for the way to their jobs. The day is day, and children stroll just beginning. home. Most grown-ups are still at work though— at least for another hour or so. A little farther east, the time in Cairo, Egypt, is 4:33 P.M. The sun is on In New York City, the time is 9:33 A.M., its way down, but the air Eastern Standard Time. Most children is still hot. The streets are are already in school, and filled with cars. Later, as millions of the sun sinks even people are lower in the just settling sky, people down to their will go out to jobs. On enjoy the cool Wall Street, of evening. 18 19
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It’s 8:03 P.M. in A little farther east, it’s 4:33 A.M. in Mumbai, India. As Hawaii. Everyone’s asleep here, too, night falls, a movie but it’s Friday morning—we crossed the director and International Date Line coming from Fiji! his crew finish People here are about to experience the their day of day you just filming. saw in the rest of the world. Thousands of colorful lights brighten up downtown Tokyo, where it’s 11:33 P.M. Almost all the children are in bed. Some grown-ups are still From Hawaii, it’s just another two out, having a late meal, or time zones more to the east to get to Los going to a show. Angeles, where it’s still 6:33 . . on Friday. A M In the middle Back Where You Started of the Pacific You’re back! But you get an idea of just Ocean, it’s 2:33 how confusing travel would be if each city on Saturday still set its own time! Figuring out the time morning in the on the other side of the world may not be small island country as easy as just checking your watch. With of Fiji. By this time of a clock, a map, and a little math, however, night, most people you can come up with the answer in almost have gone to sleep. no time at all! 20 21
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Now Try This To Do It! Here’s How Time Zone Travel 1. Pair up with one of your classmates. Calling all world travelers! Time Then choose roles: one of you will be Zone Airlines is now selling tickets to the passenger and the other will be the fly anywhere in the world. Each ticket ticket agent. includes three cities: one to start from and 2. The flight you are writing an itinerary the other two to arrive at. for starts from where you live (or the Ticket agents for Time Zone Airlines city with the nearest airport). The have a very important job. They have to be passenger can look at a map of the sure that each ticket includes an itinerary, world to choose the other two cities. a short schedule that tells passengers when 3. The ticket agent can use a ruler and the their planes take off and land. After all, map’s scale to figure out the distance your passengers don’t want to miss their between the first city and the second flights, right? city and between the second city and the third city. Write each distance down. 4. Time Zone Airline jets fly at 500 miles per hour. Work together to figure out how long each flight will take. 5. Have the ticket agent write out an itinerary. The itinerary should list the cities for each flight, along with the times that the plane leaves one city and arrives in the next city. Be sure to check the time-zone map on pages 10 and 11. 22 23
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Glossary Reader Response accurate adj. correct. observatory n. 1. Use a graphic organizer like the one border n. a line that a place where below to put the following three events officially separates scientists watch from this book in the correct order: countries or regions. and study the stars, planets, weather, People divide the world into 24 time calculations n. earthquakes, etc. zones at a conference in Washington, D.C. the process or Each town sets its own time. steps used to work rotation n. a out the answers spinning around on a central point. Railroads let people travel long distances to mathematical quickly. problems. solar time n. the time of day as 2. Suppose that one of your classmates is conference n. a figured out by using reading page 16 and doesn’t understand meeting to discuss the sun as a guide. why you “move a whole day in time” serious matters. when you cross the International Date horizon n. a line standard n. Line. Should that person reread or read where the land and something that ahead to figure out the meaning? Why? sea seem to meet people agree to accept as accurate 3. Which glossary word fits best in the blank the sky. or true. in this sentence? Why? When we crossed the _____ between the United States and Canada, we didn’t have to change the time on our watches. 4. Look at the time zone map on page 8. When it’s 3:16 in the afternoon in Chicago, what time is it in Denver? in Los Angeles? in New York? 24
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