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Suggested levels for Guided Reading, DRA,Suggested levels for Guided Reading, DRA,™™ Earth ScienceEarth Science Lexile,Lexile,®® and Reading Recoveryand Reading Recovery™™ are providedare provided in the Pearson Scott Foresman Leveling Guide.in the Pearson Scott Foresman Leveling Guide. A GemA Gem of a Tale!of a Tale! ComprehensionComprehension GenreGenre Text FeaturesText Features Skills and StrategySkills and Strategy ExpositoryExpository • Generalize• Generalize • Chart• Chart nonfictionnonfiction • Cause and Effect• Cause and Effect • Map• Map • Prior Knowledge• Prior Knowledge • Captions• Captions • Glossary• Glossary Scott Foresman Reading Street 3.4.3Scott Foresman Reading Street 3.4.3 ì<(sk$m)=bddhfi<ì<(sk$m)=bddhfi<ISBNISBN 0-328-13375-20-328-13375-2 +^-Ä-U-Ä-U+^-Ä-U-Ä-U by Donna Lathamby Donna Latham
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Reader ResponseA Gem 1. Is the statement on page 5, “Gemstonesare found everywhere,” a generalization?of a Tale! Why or why not? 2. On a chart like the one below, write a fact that you already knew about gemstones. Next, write something you wanted to know more about. Last, write a new fact that you learned from the book. What I Knew What I Wanted to Know What I Learned 3. Write each compound word from the Glossary in an interesting sentence. 4. Which two continents have the greatestby Donna Latham variety of gemstones? Use the world map and its key on pages 6–7 to find out. Editorial Offices: Glenview, Illinois • Parsippany, New Jersey • New York, New York Sales Offices: Needham, Massachusetts • Duluth, Georgia • Glenview, Illinois Coppell, Texas • Ontario, California • Mesa, Arizona
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What’s Your Birthstone? Did you know that each month of the year has a birthstone? A birthstone is a gem that has been assigned to a certain month to honor the birthdays of people born in that month. For example, April’s birthstone is the diamond. Which is your birthstone? Month Birthstone January Garnet February Amethyst March Aquamarine April Diamond Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for This chart names photographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to May Emerald the traditional correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions. birthstones for Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, June Alexandrite each month of a division of Pearson Education. the year. Many Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R), people believe Background (Bkgd) July Ruby that wearing Opener: Corbis: 1©DK Images; 3 ©DK Images; 4 ©DK Images ; 5 ©DK Images; 8 ©DK their birthstones Images; 9 ©DK Images, Corbis; 10 ©DK Images; 11 Corbis; 12 ©DK Images; 13 ©DK August Peridot Images; 14 ©DK Images; 15 ©DK Images; 16 ©DK Images; 17 ©DK Images; 18©DK brings good luck! Images; 19 ©DK Images; 21 Corbis September Sapphire ISBN: 0-328-13375-2 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. October Opal All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher November Citrine prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Permissions Department, December Blue Topaz Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V0G1 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 3
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What Are Gemstones? Most gems are formed from minerals. To These are some of the shapes into which become a gem, a mineral must cool and harden gemstones are cut. Each cut, or shape, reflects into a solid crystal. Crystals are hardened light differently. Which cut is your favorite? minerals that have special shapes and patterns. When they are first discovered and mined, most gems look like ordinary rocks. They are Gemstone Shapes often rough and unevenly shaped. In the hands of talented gem cutters, however, these raw chunks of mineral become brilliant gemstones. The best gemstones are often made into jewelry. Gemstones are like snowflakes because no two are exactly the same. Gemstones come in Brilliant cut sapphire Oval cut amethyst every color of the rainbow, and when they are cut and polished, their colors sparkle and shine. The gemstones that sparkle and shine the most are worth the most money! Rough diamond Cut diamonds Pear cut topaz Emerald cut garnet Where in the world are gemstones found? Gemstones are found everywhere! Many gemstones are found here in the United States, and others are found thousands of miles away on different continents. 4 5
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1 3 4 6 North Europe Asia America 1 10 9 8 12 3 8 1 5 8 10 6 7 8 9 1 3 Africa 7 9 12 1 3 6 7 South 4 1 8 9 12 5 America 1 2 3 5 2 5 6 6 10 11 2 3 Australia 4 4 6 12 2 4 9 10 Gemstones 2 Around the World Using a world map, let’s locate the places gemstones are found. We’ll focus on the twelve 1 Garnet 7 Ruby gemstones that are used as birthstones. 2 Amethyst 8 Peridot Look at the map key to find the continents 3 Aquamarine 9 Sapphire 4 Diamond 10 Opal where each gemstone is mined. You will find the Emerald Citrine 5 11 names of the countries where each gemstone is 6 Alexandrite 12 Blue Topaz found as you read the following pages. 6 7
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January • Garnet February • Amethyst When most people think of garnet, they Amethyst is February’s birthstone. It ranges picture a red-colored gem, and the most valuable in color from a very light lavender to a dark garnets do have a rich, red color. But January’s purple. The darkest kind of amethyst is found in birthstone comes in every color except blue. Australia. Garnet is found in the Czech Republic in Amethyst is also mined in the South Europe, in the Eurasian country Russia, and in American countries Brazil and Uruguay and in the Asian countries India and Sri Lanka. Green the African countries Madagascar and Zambia. garnet, which is rare, is found in two African Did you know that purple has long been countries, Kenya and Tanzania. considered the color of kings and queens? The A kind of Arizona garnet has a name that British Crown Jewels, some of the most famous sounds strange. This garnet is called the “anthill jewels anywhere, contain amethyst gemstones. garnet” because it is actually mined by ants! The ants dig up soil to make their anthills, and the Can you find the amethyst garnets are brought up to the surface. gemstones in this photograph? Garnet’s most common colors are red, lemon, tangerine, and brown. Green garnet is rare. 8 9
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March • Aquamarine April • Diamond March’s birthstone is the aquamarine. Diamond is nature’s hardest material and Aquamarine is transparent, which means that the world’s longest-lasting gem. Because of a light can pass through it. diamond’s hardness, almost nothing can wear Aquamarine means “seawater” in Latin, it down. In fact, it can be cut only by another and aquamarine’s light blue color makes it diamond. look like the sea. Some aquamarines have little The world’s largest producer of diamond is green flecks, which make them look even more Australia. Diamond is also mined in Russia and like the ocean. The most valuable aquamarine in three African countries, Congo, Namibia, and gemstones, however, are sky-blue in color. Botswana. On which two continents are both Brazil is the world’s best source of aquamarine and diamond mined? Use the map aquamarine, but it is also found in India, and map key on pages 6 and 7 to find out. Madagascar, Sri Lanka, and Russia. Here in the United States, aquamarine is mined in the state of Colorado. In fact, aquamarine is Colorado’s state gem! Rough aquamarines Colorless diamonds can split light into the colors of the rainbow. 10 11
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May • Emerald June • Alexandrite Did you know that some emeralds cost Alexandrite is June’s birthstone. This green more than diamonds? It’s true! Perfect emeralds stone was first discovered in Russia in 1830. It are very rare. What makes a perfect emerald? was named after Prince Alexander, who would Emeralds with a deep green color and no flaws, later become Alexander II, emperor of Russia. or defects, are rated best. When moved from sunlight to artificial Can you guess why the emerald is North lighting, Alexandrite changes from green to Carolina’s state gem? Emeralds are mined there! reddish-purple. This makes it very valuable! Rockhounds are collectors who hunt for rocks Today, Brazil mines the greatest amount that contain gems, and each year rockhounds of alexandrite. It is also found in Sri Lanka come to North Carolina from all over the United and Myanmar in Southeast Asia. Zambia and States to dig for emeralds! another African country, Zimbabwe, produce Where else in the world is emerald found? some too. On which two continents are both Colombia, in South America, mines most of the emerald and alexandrite found? world’s emeralds. They are also mined in Brazil and Zambia. Emperor Alexander II of Russia Emeralds are mined in North Carolina. 12 13
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July • Ruby August • Peridot July’s birthstone is the ruby. It has a deep, Peridot is the birthstone for August. Peridot, glowing, red color and is very hard. Only like aquamarine, is transparent, and most diamond is harder. Ruby is one of the most peridots have a light green or greenish-yellow valuable of all gems, and it is very rare. Rubies color. Iron, a metal found deep in Earth, gives that are pure red with a tiny amount of blue are peridot its green-yellow color. rarer than any. These crimson-colored rubies are Peridot reaches Earth’s surface through known as pigeon’s blood, and they are incredibly volcanic eruptions, but peridot has also come expensive! from outer space. Pieces of peridot have been Most rubies come from Myanmar, Burma, found in meteors that have crashed into Earth! Thailand, and Sri Lanka, all countries in Peridot is mined in the Asian countries Southeast Asia. Pakistan, Myanmar, China, and Sri Lanka. But most peridot is mined in the United States. A master jeweler cleans the British Crown Jewels. The iron in peridot gives the gem its green color. 14 15
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September • Sapphire October • Opal September’s birthstone is the sapphire. Like Opal is October’s birthstone. Opal can be aquamarine and peridot, sapphire is transparent. blue, green, black, or white. When an opal is Hard and rare, sapphire comes in many colors moved from side to side, it sparkles with the including violet, orange, and green. Blue colors of the rainbow. sapphires, however, are the most valuable. Australia mines the greatest number of Star sapphires are special sapphires that reflect opals—and the most valuable ones. Smaller six points of light. When a star sapphire is placed amounts of opal are found in Brazil and in beneath light, a star seems to flicker inside it. Mexico, our neighbor to the south. In the United Sapphires are mined in Thailand, Myanmar, States, opals are mined in Idaho, Oregon, and Sri Lanka, and Australia. In the United States Nevada. they are found in Montana. Mining opals in Australia A sapphire mine on the island of Madagascar Opals reflect all the colors of the rainbow. 16 17
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November • Citrine December • Blue Topaz November’s birthstone is citrine. Citrine is We’ve nearly finished describing all twelve formed from a type of colored quartz. Quartz birthstones! The last of the twelve birthstones is a transparent mineral. Citrine has qualities is December’s blue topaz. The blue topaz looks similar to those of amethyst. In fact, when similar to aquamarine. amethyst is heated, it changes color and becomes Most of the blue topaz that we see today citrine! has been treated with heat. When you treat a Citrine has a yellow color much like that of colorless topaz with heat, the topaz takes on a a lemon. Citrine’s name comes from the French sky blue color. word citron, which means lemon! Like the gemstone citrine, blue topaz is found Citrine also comes in shades of brown, gold, in Brazil. It is also found in Sri Lanka, China, and orange, and like many other birthstones, it is and the African country Nigeria. transparent. Most citrine is mined in Brazil. Citrine is one of these many gemstones mined in Brazil. Rough topaz 18 19
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Famous Gemstones Some gemstones have become world famous because of their great size and beauty. The royal-blue Hope Diamond is one of the most famous gemstones ever. Unlike colorless diamonds, this special diamond has a beautiful violet color. You can see the Hope Diamond at the Smithsonian Museum in Washington, D.C. Also on display at the Smithsonian Museum is the Roebling Opal, one of the world’s largest opals. This opal is jet-black, with brilliant colors swirling inside it, and it weighs about a pound and a half! It was discovered in Nevada in 1917. The Star of India is one of the largest blue star sapphires in the world. You can see it at New York’s Museum of Natural History. It weighs about four ounces and is almost the size of a baseball! We’ve now toured the world of gemstones. From garnet to blue topaz, and everything in between, you’ve learned just about everything there is to know about each of the twelve birthstones! Many different gemstones are traded in Asia. 20 21
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Now Try This to Do It! Here’s How Dig Up Some In your own words, write down some facts Gemstone Facts! about your gemstone. Some good things to note are its color or colors, how rare it is, where it is The world’s most popular and well-known mined, and any unusual facts. gemstones are the twelve birthstones. However, When you have finished your fact sheet, try there are many other interesting gemstones. sketching your gemstone. Then make a colorful Scan over the list of gemstones in the box poster about your gemstone. Use the facts from below. Then choose one to research. Use good your fact sheet and the drawing you have made reference sources, such as encyclopedias, library to design your poster. books, and the Internet, to find out about the Finally, share your poster and the gemstone you’ve chosen. information you have learned with your classmates! More Gemstones agate amber ametrine Amber bloodstone coral iolite What it is jade jasper kunzite Where it is found moonstone onyx pearl Color(s) tanzanite tourmaline turquoise Rarity Unusual Facts 22 23
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Glossary Reader Response birthstone n. a mined v. dug up 1. Is the statement on page 5, “Gemstones gemstone associated from under the are found everywhere,” a generalization? with one of the ground. Why or why not? twelve months of the quartz n. a very hard 2. On a chart like the one below, write a fact year. mineral found in that you already knew about gemstones. brilliant adj. very many different types Next, write something you wanted to bright and shiny. of rock. know more about. Last, write a new fact crystal n. a hard, rockhounds n. the that you learned from the book. solid piece of some nickname given to What I Knew substance that is people who hunt, naturally formed dig, and collect rocks What I Wanted to Know of flat surfaces and and gems. angles. Crystals can transparent adj. What I Learned be small, like grains allowing light to pass of salt, or large like 3. Write each compound word from the some kinds of stone. through. Glossary in an interesting sentence. flaws n. in gems, 4. Which two continents have the greatest defects or blemishes. variety of gemstones? Use the world map and its key on pages 6–7 to find out. minerals n. solid substances, usually dug from Earth. Minerals often form crystals. 24
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