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2 Chapter 2: Approaches to System Development Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 3rd Edition www.goupee.com
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2 Learning Objectives Explain the purpose and various phases of the systems development life cycle (SDLC) Explain the differences between a model, a tool, a technique, and a methodology Describe the two overall approaches used to develop information systems: the traditional method and the object-oriented method Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 3rd Edition 2
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2 Learning Objectives (continued) Describe some of the variations of the system development life cycle (SDLC) Describe the key features of current trends in system development: the spiral model, eXtreme Programming (XP), the Unified Process (UP), and Agile Modeling Explain how automated tools are used in system development Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 3rd Edition 3
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2 Overview Systems development life cycle (SDLC) Provides overall framework for managing system development process Two main approaches to SDLC Traditional approach: structured systems development and information engineering Object-oriented approach: object technologies requires different approach to analysis, design, and programming All projects use some variation of SDLC Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 3rd Edition 4
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2 Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Systems development project Planned undertaking with fixed beginning and end Produces desired result or product Can be a large job of thousands of hours of effort or a small one month project Successful development project: Provides a detailed plan to follow Organized, methodical sequence of tasks and activities Produces reliable, robust, and efficient system Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 3rd Edition 5
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2 Phases of the Systems Development Lifecycle (SDLC) Project planning: initiate, ensure feasibility, plan schedule, obtain approval for project Analysis: understand business needs and processing requirements Design: define solution system based on requirements and analysis decisions Implementation: construction, testing, user training, and installation of new system Support: keep system running and improve Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 3rd Edition 6
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2 Information System Development Phases Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 3rd Edition 7
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2 SDLC and problem-solving Similar to problem-solving approach Organization recognizes problem (Project Planning) Project team investigates, understands problem and solution requirements (Analysis) Solution is specified in detail (Design) System that solves problem built and installed (Implementation) System used, maintained, and enhanced to continue to provide intended benefits (Support) Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 3rd Edition 8
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2 Planning Phase of SDLC Define business problem and scope Produce detailed project schedule Confirm project feasibility Economic, organizational, technical, resource, and schedule Staff the project (resource management) Launch project → official announcement Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 3rd Edition 9
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2 Analysis Phase of SDLC Gather information to learn problem domain Define system requirements Build prototypes for discovery of requirements Prioritize requirements Generate and evaluate alternatives Review recommendations with management Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 3rd Edition 10
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2 Design Phase of SDLC Design and integrate the network Design the application architecture Design the user interfaces Design the system interfaces Design and integrate the database Prototype for design details Design and integrate system controls Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 3rd Edition 11
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2 Implementation Phase of SDLC Construct software components Verify and test Convert data Train users and document the system Install the system Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 3rd Edition 12
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2 Support Phase of SDLC Maintain system Small patches, repairs, and updates Enhance system Small upgrades or enhancements to expand system capabilities Larger enhancements may require separate development project Support users Help desk and/or support team Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 3rd Edition 13
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2 Scheduling Project Phases Waterfall approach – each phase falls into next phase Freeze planning specifications before analysis Freeze analysis specifications before design Once go over the waterfall for each phase, do not go back Overlapping (or concurrent) phases Waterfall is not realistic, we are not perfect Overlaps can be more efficient than waterfall Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 3rd Edition 14
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2 Scheduling Project Phases (continued) Iteration - Work activities are repeated Each iteration refines previous result Approach assumes no one gets it right the first time There are a series of mini projects for each iteration Example: Outline, rough draft, edited result Example: Blueprint, frame, completed house Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 3rd Edition 15
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2 The waterfall approach to the SDLC Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 3rd Edition 16
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2 Overlap of Systems Development Activities Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 3rd Edition 17
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2 Iterations across life cycle phases Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 3rd Edition 18
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2 Methodologies and Models Methodologies Comprehensive guidelines to follow for completing every SDLC activity Collection of models, tools, and techniques Models Representation of an important aspect of real world, but not same as real thing Abstraction used to separate out aspect Diagrams and charts Project planning and budgeting aids Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 3rd Edition 19
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2 Some Models Used in System Development Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 3rd Edition 20
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