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14 Chapter 14: Designing the User Interface Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 3rd Edition www.goupee.com
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14 Learning Objectives Understand the difference between user interfaces and system interfaces Explain why the user interface is the system to the users Discuss the importance of the three principles of user-centered design Describe the historical development of the field of human-computer interaction (HCI) Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 3rd Edition 2
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14 Learning Objectives (continued) Describe the three metaphors of human- computer interaction Discuss how visibility and affordance affect usability Apply the eight golden rules of dialog design when designing the user interface List the key principles used in Web design Define the overall system structure as a menu hierarchy Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 3rd Edition 3
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14 Learning Objectives (continued) Write user-computer interaction scenarios as dialogs Create storyboards to show the sequence of forms used in a dialog Use UML class diagrams and sequence diagrams to document dialog designs Design windows forms and browser forms that are used to implement a dialog Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 3rd Edition 4
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14 Overview User interfaces handle input and output that involve a system user directly Focus on interaction between user and computer, called human-computer interaction (HCI) Metaphors to describe the user interface Usability and Web-based development guidelines Approaches to documenting dialog designs, including UML diagrams from OO approach Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 3rd Edition 5
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14 Identifying and Classifying Inputs and Outputs Identified by analyst when defining system scope Requirements model produced during analysis Event table includes trigger to each external event Triggers represent inputs Outputs are shown as responses to events Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 3rd Edition 6
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14 Traditional and OO Approaches to Inputs and Outputs Traditional approach to inputs and outputs Shown as data flows on context diagram, data flow diagram (DFD) fragments, and detailed DFDs OO approach to inputs and outputs Defined by message entering or leaving system Included in event table as triggers and responses Actors provide inputs for many use cases Use cases provide outputs to actors Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 3rd Edition 7
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14 User versus System Interface System interfaces: I/O requiring minimal human interaction User interfaces: I/O requiring human interaction User interface is everything end user comes into contact with while using the system To the user, the interface is the system Analyst designs system interfaces separate from user interfaces Requires different expertise and technology Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 3rd Edition 8
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14 Understanding the User Interface Physical Aspects of the User Interface Devices touched by user, manuals, documentation, and forms Perceptual Aspects of the User Interface Everything else user sees, hears, or touches such as screen objects, menus, and buttons Conceptual Aspects of the User Interface What user knows about system and logical function of system Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 3rd Edition 9
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14 User-Centered Design Focus early on the users and their work by focusing on requirements Usability - system is easy to learn and use Iterative development keeps focus on user Continual return to user requirements and evaluate system after each iteration Human-computer interaction (HCI) Study of end users and interaction with computers Human factors engineering (ergonomics) Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 3rd Edition 11
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14 Fields Contributing to the Study of HCI Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 3rd Edition 12
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14 Metaphors for Human-Computer Interaction Direct manipulation metaphor User interacts with objects on display screen Document metaphor Computer is involved with browsing and entering data on electronic documents WWW, hypertext, and hypermedia Dialog metaphor Much like carrying on a conversation Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 3rd Edition 13
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14 Desktop Metaphor Based on Direct Manipulation Shown on Display Screen Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 3rd Edition 14
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14 Desktop Metaphor Shown as Hypermedia in a Web Browser Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 3rd Edition 15
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14 Dialog Metaphor Expresses the Messaging Concept Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 3rd Edition 16
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14 Guidelines for Designing User Interfaces Visibility All controls should be visible Provide immediate feedback to indicate control is responding Affordance Appearance of control should suggest its functionality – purpose for which it is used System developers should use published interface design standards and guidelines Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 3rd Edition 17
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14 Eight Golden Rules for Interactive Interface Design Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 3rd Edition 18
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14 Documenting Dialog Designs Done simultaneously with other system activities Based on inputs and outputs requiring user interaction Used to define menu hierarchy Allows user to navigate to each dialog Provides overall system structure Storyboards, prototypes, and UML diagrams Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 3rd Edition 19
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