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Suggested levels for Guided Reading, DRA,Suggested levels for Guided Reading, DRA,™™ Lexile,Lexile,®® and Reading Recoveryand Reading Recovery™™ are providedare provided in the Pearson Scott Foresman Leveling Guide.in the Pearson Scott Foresman Leveling Guide. A Time ofA Time of GenreGenre Skills and StrategySkills and StrategyComprehensionComprehension Text FeaturesText Features Change:Change: ExpositoryExpository • Fact and Opinion• Fact and Opinion • Captions• Captions nonfictionnonfiction • Generalize• Generalize • Headings• Headings • Monitor and Fix Up• Monitor and Fix Up • Sidebars• Sidebars Women in theWomen in the Early TwentiethEarly Twentieth Scott Foresman Reading Street 3.4.4Scott Foresman Reading Street 3.4.4 CenturyCentury ì<(sk$m)=bddhij<ì<(sk$m)=bddhij<ISBNISBN 0-328-13378-70-328-13378-7 +^-Ä-U-Ä-U+^-Ä-U-Ä-U by Kristin Cashoreby Kristin Cashore
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A Time of Change:Reader Response 1. Many facts and opinions were expressed in this selection. Use a chart like the oneWomen in the Early below to list facts and opinions that were mentioned.Twentieth Century Facts Opinions by Kristin Cashore 2. What did you do when you came to a part in the story that you had a hard time understanding? Give an example. 3. Read the glossary on page 24. On a separate piece of paper, write a paragraph using as many Glossary words as you can. 4. In your opinion, which women mentioned in this book made the largest contribution to the women’s rights movement? Explain your choice. Editorial Offices: Glenview, Illinois • Parsippany, New Jersey • New York, New York Sales Offices: Needham, Massachusetts • Duluth, Georgia • Glenview, Illinois Coppell, Texas • Ontario, California • Mesa, Arizona
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Introduction Today in the United States, women have the opportunity to work at any job or profession they choose. No one thinks it is strange for a woman to be an athlete, police officer, or surgeon, or even run for President. But it wasn’t always this way! A hundred years ago, life was very different for women in the United States. They had fewer rights and many fewer career choices than men. Also, once a woman married, any property she owned became her husband’s. Women were not Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for even allowed to vote! photographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to The early twentieth century was a hard correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions. Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, time for many American women. But it a division of Pearson Education. was also an exciting time. It was a time of Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R), great change for women. Background (Bkgd) Cover: ©Bettmann/Corbis; 1 ©Corbis; 03 ©Jim Zuckerman/Corbis; 4 ©Bettmann/Corbis; 5 ©Schenectady Museum/Hall of Electrical History Foundation/Corbis; 6 ©Corbis; A hundred years ago, 7 ©MPI/Getty Images; 8 ©Hulton-Deutsch Collection/Corbis; 10 ©Corbis; 11 (T) women could only ©Bettmann/Corbis, (CR) ©Corbis; 12 ©Hulton-Deutsch Collection/Corbis; 13 ©Corbis; 14 ©Corbis; 15 ©Marvin Koner/Corbis; 16 ©Bettmann/Corbis; 17 ©Bettmann/Corbis; dream of being 18 ©Underwood & Underwood/Corbis; 19 ©Bettmann/Corbis; 20 ©NASA/Roger firefighters. Ressmeyer/Corbis; 21 ©Reuters/Corbis; 22 ©Jim Sugar/Corbis; 23 ©Jim Sugar/Corbis Today, many ISBN: 0-328-13378-7 women are Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. firefighters. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V0G1 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 3
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Women’s Roles in the Early 1900s The Fight for Women’s Rights What was life like for women in the One of the rights women fought for early 1900s? Most women worked at was suffrage, or the right to vote. home. They cooked and cleaned. They Women’s suffrage did not happen took care of their children and husbands. overnight. The fight for suffrage took Men, on the other hand, earned the more than seventy years. One of the money, owned the family’s property, and first leaders of the Women’s Suffrage made most of the decisions. Movement was Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Unmarried women had more freedom than married women. In the early 1900s, most women took They could make care of their homes, contracts, sue in their children, and court, and own their husbands. Women did not property. However, usually have careers people looked down outside the home. on them. Unmarried women were criticized for not being married. Most women did not mind working at home. But some women felt limited. They wanted more control over their lives. Then, in 1920, a new law was passed that gave women the right to vote. It was a sign of major changes to come. 4 5
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton Stanton wrote a “Declaration of organized the fight Sentiments” for the convention. This for women’s rights in the United States. declaration spelled out the unfair treatment of women. It also listed the rights she believed women should hold. Elizabeth Cady Both men and women attended the Stanton was a convention. They agreed with Stanton’s housewife and mother. declaration. After the convention, She was very unhappy Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Stone, and with the state of women Sojourner Truth began to travel in the United States. She around the country giving thought that women should speeches about the unjust be allowed to vote. She thought that treatment of women. Soon, women should be able to work at any job women’s suffrage became or in any profession they chose. She was the major issue. If women unhappy that most colleges would not had the right to vote, they accept women as students. believed, women could On July 13, 1848, Elizabeth Cady help bring about Stanton met some friends for tea. other reforms too. They were in Seneca Falls, New York. Stanton’s friends agreed with her about the need for rights for women. Over Sojourner Truth tea, they planned a convention, or escaped from meeting. The topic of the convention slavery. She fought for women’s would be the rights of women. rights, and for The first Women’s Rights Convention an end to was held July 19–20, 1848. slavery. 6 77
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Giving speeches was not easy for these Chapman Catt also worked for suffrage. women. Men and women made fun of They led a group called the National them. People shouted that they should American Woman Suffrage Association. be at home taking care of their families. When the Nineteenth Amendment Stanton and her friends got used to being was passed in 1920, women finally won criticized. They never gave up! the right to vote. It was a huge victory! It was a long fight. As the years passed, The National American Woman Suffrage more women joined the fight. Stanton’s Association became the League of Women daughter, Harriot Stanton Blatch, and Voters. The group taught women about Stone’s daughter, Alice Stone Blackwell, the importance of voting. kept up the work of their mothers. In the Of course, suffrage was only one step early 1900s, Anna Howard Shaw and Carrie in the fight for women’s rights. There was more to come! Women marched, protested, and gave speeches in the fight for suffrage. 8 9
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Women in College Even before the Women’s Rights Movement began, new opportunities were beginning to open up for women. In 1833, Oberlin College in Ohio opened its doors to both men and women. It was the first college in the United States to do so. Opening in 1839, Georgia Female College, now Wesleyan College, was the By the early 1900s, it was first all-women’s college. Spelman, in not uncommon for a woman Atlanta, Georgia, was the first college to go to medical school. founded for African American women. During the early 1900s, ideas about Of course, it was not women were slowly easy for these women. In 1792, Sarah Pierce changing. By the time There were still many established Litchfield women won suffrage, men, and women, too, who Female Academy in it was no longer thought that women should Litchfield, Connecticut. unusual for women to It was the first stay at home. There were people who did institution in America enter college. By 1910, not think women were as smart as men. for the higher many women were These people were education of women. even going to medical prejudiced. Women school. In 1849, Elizabeth knew that they were Blackwell graduated smart enough to do from the Medical anything they chose Institution of Geneva in New York. to do! She became the first woman doctor in the United States. 10 11
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Women in the Workforce Of course, many women in the 1930s It was becoming easier for women to and 1940s were content to work only in attend college. But it was not easier for the home as wives and mothers. women to get certain jobs. A woman might But for those who be hired as a secretary in a company, but dreamed of probably not as a manager. Even women becoming who went to college had a hard time business getting some jobs. professionals, Many women were school teachers, doctors, engineers, librarians, nurses, and secretaries. These or lawyers, things were accepted roles for women in the were not promising. 1930s. These were important jobs. The War times created women in these jobs did important work. many opportunities However, some women still felt limited. for women. During They wanted greater opportunities! World War II, some By the 1930s, few lawyers women served as nurses and judges were women. in the Army and Navy. Most doctors were still men. Others took over the Rosie the Riveter Hardly any women were factory and office jobs of the encouraged engineers or scientists. men who went to war. Female American Many people were reporters and photographers women to show their strength prejudiced against women reported on the war. Some and work for the who wanted to do women even served as pilots! war effort. “a man’s job.” They did not fly in combat, but they flew as test pilots and in troop transport. When the war ended, In the 1930s, most doctors however, these opportunities also ended. were men and most nurses were women. By the 1960s, however, women were gaining rights again. 12 13
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Women in Government Eleanor Roosevelt, In the early 1900s, it was very difficult the wife of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, for women to enter government service. was a very powerful Those who did were very strong and brave. woman. She worked They set the stage for today’s female tirelessly to help people all over the politicians. world. In 1922, Rebecca Felton In 1916, of Georgia was the first woman appointed Jeannette Rankin Senator. She was 87 of Montana was years old at the time. elected to the House of Representatives. She was the first woman ever elected to the United States Congress. In 1924, Nellie Tayloe Ross of Wyoming became the first female governor in the United States. In 1932, Hattie Wyatt Caraway In 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected to the chose Frances Perkins to be his Secretary of United States Senate. Labor. This was the first time a President Women’s roles in named a woman to his cabinet. In 1945, government Eleanor Roosevelt became a delegate to began to the United Nations. She used her power to expand. help people in countries all over the world. Still, today, most politicians are men. But this is changing. The day will soon be here when women hold as many Jeannette Rankin was the first government positions as men! woman elected to the United States Congress. 14 15
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Women Pioneers award given every year When asked about Pioneers are brave people who do to the best writers. No her accomplishment, things that no one else has done before. In woman had ever won it Ederle said, the early 1900s, there were many women before. “People said women pioneers. They did not care what prejudice In 1926, Gertrude couldn’t swim the they faced. They set goals, worked hard, Ederle became the first channel, but I proved and did amazing things! woman to swim across they could.” In 1896, a piece the English Channel. of music called the To do this, she had to swim all the way Gaelic Symphony from France to England! And she did it was played in the two hours faster than any man had done United States. It was before! Ederle was only 19 years old. written by H.H.A. She became an instant hero. When she Beach. It was the returned to her home in New York City, the first symphony city gave her a hero’s parade. by a woman ever performed in the Gertrude Ederle braved cold, choppy waters to United States. In cross the English Channel. And she did it faster than any man had ever done it! 1914, a woman named Mary Davenport-Engberg conducted an orchestra in the state of Washington. She was the first woman ever to conduct a symphony. In 1921, Edith Wharton won the Pulitzer Prize for fiction for her novel, The Age of Innocence. The Pulitzer Prize is an 16 17
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Amelia Earhart became the first woman the director of the Coca-Cola Company. No to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. Her woman had ever been in charge of a major historic flight took place in 1932. In later corporation before. This was a big first for years, she continued to break many women! records. Another first for women was the All- Also in the 1930s, American Girls Baseball League. During Babe Didrikson World War II, many male baseball players Zaharias became one left to fight the war. Americans at home of the most famous missed the game. So a new baseball league athletes of her time. started, featuring women players. The Babe, as everyone league Iasted from 1943 to 1954. During called her, was an this time, many women became baseball amazing athlete. She stars. The league had many was good at every fans and gave a sport she tried and lot of talented there were many. At women the the 1932 Olympics, chance to play in Babe won two gold a sport that had medals and one silver kept them out. Amelia Earhart was a in track and field. She Thanks to the woman of the skies. ran the hurdles, brave pioneers threw the javelin, who led the and jumped the high jump. In 1934, she way, women were became a golfer. She went on to win many beginning to be all golf championships. She was a true they could be! sports superstar! The business world also had pioneers. Many thought of Babe Didrikson Zaharias In 1934, Lettie Pate Whitehead became as the “World’s Greatest Female 18 Athlete.” 19
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spoke, marched, wrote, and organized. Women and young girls today must never forget the work of the women who have gone before them. They owe a lot to their “foremothers!” Today, women are still fighting for equal rights. In some nations, the fight for women’s rights has just begun. Today, the fight is not just for American women; it is for all women, everywhere. We can learn from the brave American women who fought for women’s rights in the 1800s and throughout the 1900s. Today, women astronauts are If people around the world follow their pioneers of outer space. example, life can improve for women everywhere! Conclusion Today, American women work in every field imaginable! They are active in government. They attend the best colleges “I think about how much we in the country and continue to break owe to the women who went down barriers. And many women, college before us—legions of women, graduates or not, choose to stay at home some known but many more to do another very important job—being a unknown. I applaud the bravery and resilience of those who mother! helped all of us—you and The changes for women over the last me—to be here today.” 150 years did not just happen. They were —Ruth Bader Ginsberg, the results of the work of hundreds of Justice of the United States thousands of women. These brave women Supreme Court 20 21
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Now Try This to Do It! Here’s How Pioneers in the Classroom! 1. First, meet with a small group of In the 1900s, some women chose classmates and think about what you unusual roles. For example, Gertrude might like to do. Is it a job that you want to have when you grow up? Is it Ederle chose to swim across the English something you would like to do now? Is Channel. Amelia Earhart chose to fly it something you would like to do in your solo across the Atlantic Ocean. Babe home or your town? It’s your decision! Didrikson Zaharias became the world’s 2. Next, write your idea, or goal, on a piece greatest female athlete. Later, Sandra Day of paper. Then, with your group, make a O’Connor became the first female Justice list of things that you will need to do to on the Supreme Court. Sally Ride became reach that goal. the first female astronaut in space. And 3. Then, ask your teacher to set a time and the list goes on and on. a place for the group to meet. Assign a Can you think of something you job to each person. Make a plan for each would like to try that you have person to complete his or her job. What will you have to do first? next? last? never done before? Brainstorm a list of first-time ideas with your 4. Finally, set a time and place to carry out classmates. The list might your goal. Will you need help from your teacher to arrange a trip to the local park include ideas such as running or for the use of the auditorium? Then just for class president, putting go for it! on a play, raising money to help sick children, or cleaning up a park in your neighborhood. What is your idea? 22 23
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Glossary Reader Response 1. Many facts and opinions were expressed accepted adj. opportunities n. in this selection. Use a chart like the one regarded as right or chances to do below to list facts and opinions that were correct. something; mentioned. convention n. a possibilities. Facts Opinions meeting of many pioneers n. people people to discuss a who are the first to topic. do something. criticized v. pointed prejudiced adj. out the faults of having an unfair, people or things. hateful, and limited adj. kept ignorant opinion 2. What did you do when you came to a from certain roles; about a person or part in the story that you had a hard time not allowed to do group of people. understanding? Give an example. certain things. suffrage n. the right 3. Read the glossary on page 24. On a to vote. separate piece of paper, write a paragraph using as many Glossary words as you can. 4. In your opinion, which women mentioned in this book made the largest contribution to the women’s rights movement? Explain your choice. 24
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