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Suggested levels for Guided Reading, DRA,Suggested levels for Guided Reading, DRA,™™ Life ScienceLife Science Lexile,Lexile,®® and Reading Recoveryand Reading Recovery™™ are providedare provided in the Pearson Scott Foresman Leveling Guide.in the Pearson Scott Foresman Leveling Guide. ComprehensionComprehension GenreGenre Text FeaturesText Features Skills and StrategySkills and Strategy ExpositoryExpository • Main Idea and Details• Main Idea and Details • Captions• Captions nonfictionnonfiction • Compare and• Compare and • Labels• Labels ContrastContrast • Heads• Heads • Graphic Organizers• Graphic Organizers • Glossary• Glossary by Morgan Lloydby Morgan Lloyd Scott Foresman Reading Street 3.2.1Scott Foresman Reading Street 3.2.1 ì<(sk$m)=bdddja<ì<(sk$m)=bdddja<ISBNISBN 0-328-13339-60-328-13339-6 +^-Ä-U-Ä-U+^-Ä-U-Ä-U
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Reader Response 1. What is the main idea of this book? 2. Use a graphic organizer like the one below to compare and contrast two kinds of penguins you learned about in this book. by Morgan Lloyd 3. The word crest has several meanings other than the one used in this book. Use a dictionary to find the other meanings. Write a sentence using the word with one of these other meanings. 4. What kind of mineral is mentioned on page 12 in relation to Magellanic penguins? What does it do? Editorial Offices: Glenview, Illinois • Parsippany, New Jersey • New York, New York Sales Offices: Needham, Massachusetts • Duluth, Georgia • Glenview, Illinois Coppell, Texas • Ontario, California • Mesa, Arizona
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The Southern Hemisphere is the natural home of the world’s penguins. Penguins live on the Galápagos Islands and in Australia, New Zealand, Africa, South America, and the islands that surround Antarctica. They also live on Antarctica itself. It is almost impossible for life to exist in Antarctica.The Sun never rises during the Antarctic winter. Antarctica in the winter is the coldest place on Earth. The temperature dips way below freezing. Despite that, some living things make Antarctica home, including the emperor penguin. The emperor penguin lives and thrives in Antarctica! Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions. Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education. Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R), Background (Bkgd) Opener: Getty Images; 1 Getty Images; 3 Brand X Pictures; 5 Corbis; 6 Digital Stock; 7 Fritz Polking/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 8 Digital Vision; 9 David Tipling/Getty Images; 10 Corel; 11 (CL) Digital Vision, (C) Digital Stock, (CR) Corel; 12 Brand X Pictures; 13 ©Comstock Inc.; 14 Getty Images; 15 Getty Images; 16 Corel; 17 (BL, C, BR) Corel, (B) Digital Stock; 18 ©DK Images ISBN: 0-328-13339-6 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission The continent of Antarctica is one in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Permissions Department, of Earth’s most isolated places. Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V0G1 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 3
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Why the black suit? Special Wings for Swimming Penguins are dark on the back and white Unlike flying birds, penguins do not have on the front. This coloring protects them light bones or flexible wings. That is one of the while swimming. main reasons why they cannot fly. Penguins’ Predators swimming on the ocean surface bones are dense and strong. Their wings, see black when they look down into the dark which are usually called flippers, are made for water. Penguins’ dark backs help them blend swimming. Penguins’ flippers are very hard and in with that black color. Predators swimming strong.They do not bend.This lets penguins deep in the water see white when they look up swim faster through the water. into the sky and sunlight. Penguins’ light bellies help them blend in with that white color. Speedy Penguins Most penguins can swim about fifteen miles per hour. Some of the larger ones can swim even faster. By swimming as fast as they do, penguins are able to leap six feet out of the water! Penguin Predators Penguins have plenty of predators to watch out for. Sea lions, leopard seals, and orca whales all hunt and eat adult penguins. Seagulls and other sea birds will also prey on penguin chicks. In some places where humans live nearby, penguin chicks are threatened by weasels, rats, cats, and dogs. 4 5
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Emperor Penguins An emperor penguin’s feathers are made to Emperor penguins stand about three feet trap heat.The outer part blocks the wind and tall, making them the largest penguins. They water.The inner fluffy part is called down. have yellow and orange ear patches. Emperor The down traps air close to the penguin, penguins live in Antarctica during the winter. keeping the penguin warm. Most amazingly, this is the time they choose Penguins have a special oil gland near their to incubate their eggs! tails. They use their beaks to spread oil made The female emperor penguin lays a single by the gland over their outer feathers. The egg. As soon as the egg is laid, the female oil forms a seal that prevents the penguins’ passes it to her mate. She then goes out to sea feathers from getting wet. in search of food. Meanwhile, the male emperor penguin spends two months balancing the egg on his feet. He warms the egg with his A New Coat brood patch, which is a warm patch of Over time a penguin’s feathers become featherless skin. old and damaged. So once a year, penguins molt and A group of emperor penguins grow a new set of diving into the ocean feathers. It doesn’t take long for the new feathers to grow in. But while they are growing in, the penguins must not get wet, or they could freeze to death. 6 7
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Emperor penguins’ flippers and beaks are Cold feet? smaller than those of other penguins. Because Emperor penguins reduce heat loss those body parts are smaller, emperor penguins through their feet by standing on their heels. lose less body heat. This keeps the rest of the foot from touching Emperor penguins breathe very cold the cold ice. Antarctic air. To make sure they don’t lose too When the temperature is -68°F, it helps to much heat while they are breathing, emperor stick together. Male emperor penguins huddle penguins have a special network of passages to help conserve heat.The temperature in the inside their beaks. These passages allow them middle of an emperor penguin huddle can be to save as much as eighty percent of the heat 95°F! they would otherwise lose with each breath! Of course, some penguins must stand on the outside of the huddle. So what do they do Keeping Warm to stay warm? They rotate. The penguins on Emperor penguins also have a layer of fat the outside gradually push their way into the called blubber. The blubber provides energy middle of the huddle.This way, each penguin for the penguins when they cannot eat. It also gets a chance to become warmed. helps keep the penguins warm. A group of young emperor penguins warming themselves in a huddle 8 9
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Adelie Penguins Penguins’ beaks have different shapes Adelie penguins grow to about two feet based on what they hunt and eat.The emperor in height. Like emperor penguins, Adelie penguin’s beak is long and thin for catching penguins lay their eggs and raise their young fish.The Adelie penguin’s beak is short and in Antarctica. However, they do not live in stubby for catching krill. All penguin tongues Antarctica year-round. have tiny barbs or spines for keeping a firm Adelie penguins build their nests on rocky grip on prey they have caught. beaches. They build their nests out of pebbles and lay two eggs. Both parents take turns keeping the eggs warm and feeding the chicks when they hatch. What’s a rookery? A rookery is a colony of birds or other animals who have come together to nest and raise young. An Adelie rookery may have hundreds Emperor penguin Adelie penguin of birds nesting in one area. A Crook in the Rookery! Adelie penguins will give their mates pebbles when they return to the nest following a long absence. This often leads to fights, as Adelies tend to bring back pebbles that they have stolen from other nests.While an Adelie penguin is trying to deal with a threat on one Young Adelie penguins spreading side of the nest, another penguin may make off their flippers on the shore with a pebble from the other side! 10 11
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Magellanic Penguins Penguins’ bodies trap heat so well that Magellanic penguins live on the southern they are at greater risk of overheating than of tip of South America and the islands around becoming too cold. The Magellanic penguin Antarctica.They build nests in small burrows stays cool by shedding the feathers around its and under bushes. Magellanic penguins feed eyes in warmer weather. This lets more heat mostly on squid, anchovies, and sardines. escape from the body and cools the penguin. Penguins also cool off by panting, seeking One Tough Shell to Crack shade, and lying down on the ice. By spreading The Magellanic penguin’s eggshell is their feathers and holding their flippers away very thick. Its hard outer part is made of from their body, they allow heat to escape and calcium.Where does this calcium come from? cooling air to move all around them. Magellanic penguins chew on mollusk shells right before they lay their eggs. The calcium from the mollusk shells thickens the penguins’ eggshells. Because the eggshell is thicker, it better protects the baby penguin. It also Too Much Salt helps prevents the egg from cracking on the A lot of sea salt enters hard ground. penguins’ bodies.To make sure that it doesn’t harm them, penguins have special glands that remove salt from the food they eat. Magellanic penguins gathered on the shoreline 12 13
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King Penguins Little Blue Penguin The king penguin is the second largest The smallest penguin in the world is penguin. It has patches of orange feathers the little blue penguin. It is also known near its ears. King penguins raise their young as the fairy penguin, the little penguin, during the summer on the islands surrounding or the blue penguin.The little blue penguin Antarctica. Like emperor penguins, king is only a foot tall. It nests along the southern penguins balance their eggs on their feet coasts of Australia, New Zealand, and on the instead of building nests. Australian island of Tasmania. Instead of making a nest, the little blue penguin digs a burrow Square in the Eyes in the ground.These burrows can be nearly The pupil is the black opening in the center two feet long.The female little blue penguin of the eye.The king penguin’s eyes have very then lays two eggs in the burrow. Both the unusual pupils.When they narrow, they take on male and female little blue penguins help the shape of a square! raise the chicks. With their orange patches, king penguins are easy to spot. The little blue penguin is unusually small for a penguin! 14 15
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Crested Penguins So Many Penguins, So Little Time There are six different species of crested From Adelies to Rockhoppers, we’ve now penguins.A crest is a tuft of feathers that sticks covered eleven different kinds of penguins. up from a bird’s head. Crested penguins live And that’s barely more than half the total on the islands south of South America, Africa, number of penguin species worldwide! Australia, and New Zealand. Crested penguins Emperor penguins get a lot of attention vary in size from one to two feet tall. for being the biggest penguins.They also live in All crested penguins have similar nesting the worst weather! Still, many other penguins habits.They use their sharp claws to dig out are just as interesting as the emperor. a hole that they line with grass, pebbles, All penguins share lives that are tied to the or sticks.The female crested penguin lays sea and the Southern Hemisphere’s marine two eggs. Both the male and female crested ecosystems. Penguins cannot fly. But as you penguins take turns guarding the eggs and have seen, they are able to get by just fine! caring for the chicks. Crested penguins eat krill, squid, and small fish. Erect-crested penguin Royal penguin Macaroni penguin Rockhopper penguin Fiordland crested penguin Snares Island penguin 16 17
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Now Try This to Do It! Here’s How Cold Feet 1. Put the cookie tray in the freezer for Emperor penguins lose less heat to the ice at least ten minutes.Take off your shoes and by standing and walking on their heels. Using socks. a metal cookie tray, a freezer, and a sheet of 2.When you take the cookie tray out of the plastic wrap or wax paper, try this freezer, place it on the floor. Cover it with a experiment to see how the sheet of plastic wrap or wax paper. Step on the emperor penguins do it! cookie tray for a few seconds with your whole One warning: Make foot touching the tray. sure to step onto the 3. Now balance on your heels.You may frozen cookie tray only need to hold onto a wall for balance. Does after you have placed standing on your heels make a difference? the plastic wrap or Share what you’ve learned with a friend! wax paper on it. Otherwise your Metal cookie tray feet might stick to the tray! Wax paper Safety scissors 18 19
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Glossary Reader Response blubber n. a layer down n. fluffy inner 1. What is the main idea of this book? of fat that stores feathers that trap air 2. Use a graphic organizer like the one energy and provides to keep birds warm. below to compare and contrast two kinds insulation. incubate v. to keep of penguins you learned about in this brood patch n. an eggs warm so they book. area of skin with few will hatch. or no feathers, which molt v. to grow new is warmed by blood feathers to replace vessels in order to old feathers. incubate eggs. rookery n. a place crest n. a tuft of where large groups feathers sticking up of birds or mammals from the head of a gather to raise their bird. young. 3. The word crest has several meanings other than the one used in this book. Use a dictionary to find the other meanings. Write a sentence using the word with one of these other meanings. 4. What kind of mineral is mentioned on page 12 in relation to Magellanic penguins? What does it do? 20
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