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Grammar for with answers Self-studygrammar referenceandpractice LOUISE HASHEMI and BARBARA THOMAS withAud ioC D
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Grammar for PET with answers Self-study grammar reference and practice LOUISE HASHEMI and BARBARA THOMAS
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University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia 4843/24, 2nd Floor, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, Delhi – 110002, India 79 Anson Road, #06–04/06, Singapore 079906 Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521601207 © Cambridge University Press 2006 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2006 20 19 18 17 Printed in Malaysia by Vivar Printing A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN 978-0-521-60120-7 Edition with answers and Audio CD ISBN 978-0-521-60121-4 Edition without answers Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables and other factual information given in this work is correct at the time of first printing but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter. Designed and produced by Kamae Design, Oxford.
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ContentsContents Introduction vi Irregular verbs viii Exam practice 1 Adjectives adjective position; adjective order; -ing/-ed adjectives; nouns as adjectives Reading Part 2 1 2 Adverbs using and forming; irregular adverbs; position; modifying adverbs and adjectives Reading Part 5 7 3 Comparisons comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs; comparing nouns Writing Part 1 13 4 Present tenses present simple; present continuous; state verbs; have got and have Writing Part 2 19 5 Past tenses past simple; past continuous Writing Part 3 25 6 Present perfect and past simple present perfect and past simple; have gone and have been Writing Part 1 31 7 Past perfect past perfect and past simple; used to Reading Part 5 37 8 Nouns plurals; countable and uncountable; a/the/no article Listening Part 3 43 9 Determiners and pronouns 1 some/any; somebody/anybody etc.; much/many etc. Reading Part 3 49 10 Determiners and pronouns 2 this/that etc.; all/most etc.; both/either/neither; each/every Writing Part 1 55 11 Determiners and pronouns 3 ’s/of; personal pronouns; possessives; reflexive pronouns; there/it + to be Listening Part 2 61 12 The future will; going to; present continuous; present simple Reading Part 1 67 13 Modals 1 general notes; asking someone to do something; suggestions and offers; permission Listening Part 1 73 14 Modals 2 obligation; necessity; orders and advice Writing Part 3 79 iii
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15 Modals 3 certainty and possibility; ability Reading Part 1 85 16 Questions and answers yes/no; short answers; question words; agreeing with statements Listening Part 4 91 17 Prepositions 1 place and movement Writing Part 3 97 18 Prepositions 2 time Reading Part 4 103 19 Prepositions 3 expressions with prepositions; verbs and adjectives + prepositions; phrasal verbs Writing Part 2 109 20 The -ing form -ing as subject; before/after etc. + -ing; prepositions + -ing; go/come + -ing Reading Part 1 115 21 to or -ing? verbs + to infinitive; make and let; verbs + -ing; verbs + to infinitive or + -ing Reading Part 5 121 22 Conditionals 1 zero conditional; first conditonal; unless Reading Part 3 127 23 Conditionals 2 second conditonal; I wish Reading Part 4 133 24 The passive passive forms and uses; to have something done Reading Part 2 139 25 Reported speech 1 reporting what someone said; words which change Writing Part 1 145 26 Reported speech 2 said and told; other verbs used for reporting; reporting questions; polite questions Reading Part 4 151 27 Relative clauses which, who and that; whose and where Reading Part 2 157 28 So/such; too/enough so/such (+ that); enough and too (+ to infinitive and for) Writing Part 1 163 29 Linking words 1 because (of), as and since; so and therefore; to and in order to Reading Part 3 169 30 Linking words 2 but/(al)though; in spite of / despite; both … and; either ... or Reading Part 1 175 Recording scripts 181 Key 197 Grammar glossary 215 CD tracklist 216 iv
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AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements The authors would like to thank their editors, Alison Sharpe, Jamie Smith and Geraldine Mark, and all the other people who have contributed comments and advice. The authors and publishers are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright material. It has not always been possible to identify the sources of all the material used and in such cases the publishers would welcome information from the copyright owners: Photographs: Action Plus: p. 103 All/Neil Tingle; Alamy: p. 22 Todd Bannor, p. 28 PCL, p. 43(c) Mark Sykes, p. 43(r) Justin Kase, p. 87(c) Ian Dagnall, p. 97(cl) Stephen Shepherd, p. 97(cl) David Hoffman Photo Library, p. 109 Robert W. Ginn, p. 125 Charles Bowman; The Bridgeman Art Gallery: p. 101 Van Gogh, Bedroom at Arles, 1888 (oil on canvas), Rijksmuseum Vincent Van Gogh, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Getty Images: p. 5 (1) Bob Thomas, (2) Catherine Ledner, (3) Manfred Rutz, (4) Charles Gullung, p. 10 Michael Najjar, p. 34(l) Adrian Weinbrecht, p. 43(l) Melissa McManus, p. 46 Taxi, p. 47 Tony Anderson, p. 87(l) John Beatty, p. 87(r) Will & Deni McIntyre, p. 91 Greg Ceo, p. 95 Roberto Espinosa, p. 97(cr) Ghislain & Marie David de Lossy, p. 103 (C) Southern Stock, (F) Jerry Kobalenko, p. 106 Pierre Bourrier, p. 133(l) China Tourism Press, p. 133(r) Mark Scott, p. 142 Britt Erlanson, p. 143 (1) Stephen Derr, (2) Paul Costello, (3) John Sann, (4) Jason Todd, (5) giantstep inc, p. 149 Tim Mosenfelder, p. 160 David Leahy, p. 161 (2) John Sann, (3) Leland Bobbe; Photolibrary.com p. 115(cr) Mark Jones, p. 115(br) Ben Osborne, p. 161 (1) Botanica; Rex Features: p. 97(l) Clive Dixon, p. 103 (G) GPU; Science Photo Library p. 85(l) Ralph Eagle, p. 85(r) Astrid & Hanns- Frieder Michler Illustrations: Kamae Design: pp. 56b, 57, 62, 77b; Mark Duffin pp. 1, 13, 14, 51, 65, 77t, 97, 99t, 121, 175; Stephane Gamain pp. 7, 22, 49, 55, 61, 67, 73, 75, 79, 127, 157; Ben Hasler pp. 17, 19, 25, 31, 37, 39, 58, 63, 69, 99b, 129, 163; Jo Taylor pp. 56t, 77m, 78, 94, 118, 130, 139, 140, 145, 146, 147, 156, 178; Ian West pp. 33, 112, 135, 165, 169. (top = t, bottom = b, middle = m, left = l, right = r, centre = c) v
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IntroductionIntroduction To the student Who this book is for? What is in the key? This book is for students preparing for the The key contains: Cambridge Preliminary English Test. It covers ■■ answers for all the exercises. Check your the grammar you need for the exam. You can answers at the end of each exercise. The use it with a general English language course key tells you which part of the Grammar for extra grammar practice or with practice section you need to look at again if you tests as part of a revision programme. You have any problems. can use it in class or for self-study. ■■ sample answers to help you check your work for exercises where you use your own What is in the units? ideas. This book contains thirty units. Each unit is sample answers for all the writing tasks in ■■ in four parts: the exam practice section. Read these after A Context listening This introduces the you have written your own answer. Study grammar of the unit in context. It helps you the language used and the way the ideas to understand the grammar more easily when are organised. you study section B. It also gives you useful listening practice. Play the recording and Recording scripts answer the questions. Then check your There are scripts for the context listening for answers in the key before you read the each unit, and for the exam practice listening grammar section. tasks. Look at the script after you answer the questions. It is a good idea to play the B Grammar Read through this section before recording again while you read the script. you do the exercises. For each grammar point there are explanations with examples. At the Note on contractions end of each section, there is a note to tell you This book generally uses contractions, for which exercises in C practise this grammar. example I’m for I am, wasn’t for was not, You can also check in this section again when because these are always used in speech and you are doing the exercises. are common in written English. The full C Grammar exercises Write your answers to forms are used in formal written English. each exercise and then check them in the Key. D Exam practice Each unit has an exam task. These help you practise the different parts of the exam. The exam task is followed by a grammar focus task. This gives you extra practice in the grammar for that unit. vi
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Irregular verbsIrregular verbs Verb Past simple Past participle Verb Past simple Past participle be was were been let let let beat beat beaten lie lay lain become became become light lit lit begin began begun lose lost lost bend bent bent make made made bite bit bitten mean meant meant bleed bled bled meet met met blow blew blown pay paid paid break broke broken put put put bring brought brought read read read build built built ride rode ridden burn burnt burnt ring rang rung buy bought bought rise rose risen catch caught caught run ran run choose chose chosen say said said come came come see saw seen cost cost cost sell sold sold cut cut cut send sent sent dig dug dug set set set do did done sew sewed sewn draw drew drawn shake shook shaken drink drank drunk shine shone shone drive drove driven shoot shot shot eat ate eaten show showed shown fall fell fallen shut shut shut feed fed fed sing sang sung feel felt felt sink sank sunk fight fought fought sit sat sat find found found sleep slept slept fly flew flown smell smelt smelt forbid forbade forbidden speak spoke spoken forget forgot forgotten spend spent spent forgive forgave forgiven spill spilt spilt freeze froze frozen spoil spoilt spoilt get got got stand stood stood give gave given steal stole stolen go went gone stick stuck stuck grow grew grown sting stung stung hang hung hung strike struck struck have had had sweep swept swept hear heard heard swim swam swum hide hid hidden swing swung swung hit hit hit take took taken hold held held teach taught taught hurt hurt hurt tear tore torn keep kept kept tell told told kneel knelt knelt think thought thought know knew known throw threw thrown lay laid laid understand understood understood lead led led wake woke woken learn learnt learnt wear wore worn leave left left win won won lend lent lent write wrote written viii
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AdjectivesAdjectives 111 adjective position; adjective order; -adjective position; adjective order; -ing/-eding/-ed adjectives;adjectives; nouns as adjectivesnouns as adjectives A Context listening A1 Look at the things in the pictures. Which of the adjectives in the box can you use to describe them? You can use some more than once. beautiful long short black grey white cotton leather silk wool A long black B C D E A2 1 You are going to hear a conversation between Callum and Emily. What are they doing? Which of the things in A1 do they talk about? A3 1 Listen to the first part of the recording again and answer these questions. 1 Who is tired? Callum 5 Who is bored? 2 Who is excited? 6 What is interesting? 3 What is tiring? 7 What is exciting? 4 Who isn’t really interested in clothes? What is the difference between adjectives ending in -ed and -ing? Finish the sentences. We use adjectives ending in to describe people. We use adjectives ending in to describe things and people. A4 1 Listen to the second part of the recording again and fill in the gaps. 1 a lovely skirt 2 my boots 3 those trainers Look at the adjectives you’ve written. Which describe: someone’s opinion? colour? size or shape? the material? What kind of adjectives usually go first? What kind of adjectives usually go last? 1
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11 B Grammar B1 Adjective position Adjectives usually go before nouns: I bought a white T-shirt. (not a T-shirt white) ! Adjectives don’t change. (not some whites T-shirts) Adjectives go after some verbs (e.g. be, get, become, look, seem, appear, sound, taste, smell, feel): They’re comfortable and they’ll look good with the skirt. The material felt really soft. ! A few adjectives (e.g. afraid, alone, asleep, awake) cannot go before a noun: The cat was asleep on the bed. (not The asleep cat was on the bed.) ➡C1 B2 Adjective order When there are two or more adjectives, they go in this order: opinion size/age/shape colour materials a lovely short black wool skirt a beautiful grey leather bag my favourite long black boots some old blue jeans We put and ◆◆ between two colour adjectives: a black and white belt ◆◆ between two adjectives after a verb: Clothes shops are always boring and crowded. ! We don’t say my favourite and long and black boots ➡C2 B3 Adjectives ending in -ing and -ed Some adjectives have two forms: -ing and -ed. The adjectives have different meanings: -ing adjectives describe people and things -ed adjectives describe feelings Clothes shops are boring. I’m bored. That’s surprising news. We’re surprised. Computer shops are interesting. You’re not interested in clothes. ➡C3 B4 Nouns used as adjectives When we put two nouns together, the first one works like an adjective, e.g. a birthday party: birthday tells us what kind of party it is. a birthday party, a clothes shop, a computer game, a language school, a student card ➡C4, C5 2
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Adjectives C Grammar exercises C1 Match the halves of these sentences. 1 My boyfriend sounded d a tired because I got up too early. 2 The school was b bad so we didn’t drink it. 3 My boss seemed c wonderful because it was home-made. 4 We got d sad on the phone. 5 The bread tasted e angry but she was just in a hurry. 6 I was feeling f wet because we didn’t have our raincoats. 7 The milk smelled g unusual because it had no rules. C2 Rewrite these sentences adding the adjectives in brackets. 1 My friend gave me a ring for my birthday. (silver/antique) My friend gave me an antique silver ring for my birthday. 2 I wore my jeans when I painted the ceiling. (old/blue/dirty) 3 I borrowed my sister’s dress to wear to the party. (silk/lovely/long) 4 I was surprised that Mike wore that jacket. (white/cotton) 5 He bought some shoes yesterday. (expensive/new) 6 Jenny’s father gave her a necklace for her 18th birthday. (long/gold/beautiful) C3 Underline the correct adjective in each sentence. 1 That was an interesting/interested lesson. 2 My parents were tiring/tired after the long flight. 3 We were boring/bored so we went to the cinema. 4 I enjoy my job but it’s very tiring/tired. 5 You’ll be surprising/surprised when I tell you what happened. 6 We were exciting/excited about seeing Michael again. 7 All the programmes on TV tonight look boring/bored. 8 I’m staying in an amazing/amazed hotel. 9 My friend was annoying/annoyed with me because I was late. 10 Hans is interesting/interested in art so I took him to the Picasso exhibition. 3
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11 C4 Match a noun in A with each noun in B then complete the sentences below. A address alarm bus city credit B book boots car card centre football evening film fire clock engine invitation jam police traffic wedding performance star stop address book alarm clock 1 I bought a new alarm clock because I couldn’t wake up in the morning. 2 Everyone was looking at the as she came into the hotel. 3 The café wouldn’t accept my so I paid cash. 4 I usually clean my when I get home from a match. 5 We couldn’t get tickets for the so we went in the afternoon. 6 Our teacher was late because there was a big on the motorway. C5 Read this email and look at the adjectives. There are eight mistakes. Correct them. Hi Sally I can’t see you next week because I’m going on holiday with my parents. very small town We always stay near a town very small on the coast. There is a lovely and sandy beach and the sea is clear and warm. The town has lots of old beautiful buildings. My parents like going to the galleries art but I get boring so I go to the shops. You can buy cheaps clothes there. I hope we go to my restaurant favourite. Write back and tell me all your excited news. Duncan 4
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Adjectives D Exam practice Reading Part 2 The people below all want to hire bikes for short trips. On the next page there are eight cycle trips in a tourist information brochure. Decide which trip would be the most suitable for the following people. For questions 1–5, mark the correct letter (A–H). 1 David is an experienced cyclist. He has a couple of days to spend on his hobby of bird-watching. He has a small tent and wants to get away from the crowds. 2 Ian and his daughters Kim and Kylie would like an easy bike ride with time to play on the beach and have a swim in the sea. They have a picnic with them. 3 Nadine and Lee are interested in old buildings. They don’t mind a few hills, but don’t want to go to the mountains. They’d like to go to a restaurant for lunch. 4 Elizabeth enjoys cycling to keep fit, but she must be at home in the evening. She enjoys drawing and taking photographs of unusual natural scenery. 5 Zoe and Bea don’t want to cycle very far and they can’t start early in the morning. They’re interested in art and would like to have lunch somewhere near the sea. 5 5
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11 RECOMMENDED CYCLE RIDES FROM AILSEA A Seaview Gallery (less than an hour’s ride B An excellent destination for families is Ailsham, along the coast road) shows paintings and where there is a campsite. The route includes photographs by local artists in attractive only one tiny hill and the views of woods and rooms on the cliffs. Open 2pm–5pm. There’s farmland are lovely. Stop for a picnic under the a teashop next door which serves delicious trees. When you arrive, enjoy a swim in the river, lunches and teas. then spend a night in one of the tents provided. C Picnic at Ailmouth Castle after a two-hour cycle D If you enjoy really brilliant scenery and don’t ride along the coast. For five hundred years it mind starting early, go to the mountains for the has stood on the cliffs, looking down on the day. You’ll want to bring your camera with you dangerous black rocks and waves far below. for the amazing rocks, quiet pools and exciting Now it’s a beautiful old ruin. Remember your waterfalls. The return journey is all downhill, so camera, because you’ll want to photograph it you can get back quickly in the afternoon. at sunset. E This pleasant flat route uses the pretty little F A good day’s bike ride through attractive lanes which follow the coast to an excellent countryside away from the coast brings you to sandy beach, less than an hour away. There’s Otterbourne Hall, a historic house open to the plenty of room for ball games and it’s very safe public.You can enjoy a surprisingly cheap but to swim. A pleasant day out for anyone who delicious lunch in the cosy restaurant, and then can ride a bike. you’ll be pleased to discover that there are no steep hills on the return route. G Perfect for active young cyclists who enjoy being H Only half an hour’s ride away at Fendwich, is a alone in beautiful scenery. Leave in the afternoon popular new restaurant with amazing views across to catch the wonderful sunset from high in the the beach. Eat a delicious lunch and watch the mountains. Camping is permitted for up to two birds on the cliffs, then look round the souvenir nights. See wild birds and animals among the rocks shops before cycling back along the coast. An and trees. excellent trip if you don’t have a whole day available. Grammar focus task Put the two adjectives in each sentence into the correct order. Check your answers by finding them in the text. 1 He told us about the black/dangerous snakes in the jungle. dangerous black 2 There was a beautiful/old tree in the middle of the field. 3 We followed a flat/pleasant path beside the river. 4 The model wore a little/pretty hat which matched her coat. 5 The old couple employed two active/young students to tidy their garden. 6 We went to a concert by a new/popular band. 6
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AdverbsAdverbs 222 using and forming adverbs; irregular adverbs; adverb position;using and forming adverbs; irregular adverbs; adverb position; modifying adverbs and adjectivesmodifying adverbs and adjectives A Context listening A1 Josh lives in Manchester. A B C The rest of his family live in London. What are they all doing on Friday morning? A2 2 You are going to hear three conversations Josh has later on Friday. Conversation 1: Where is Josh? Why is he going home? Conversation 2: Where is Josh? Why is his sister unhappy? Conversation 3: Where is Josh? Where is his sister? Why? A3 2 Listen to conversation 1 again and fill in the gaps with adverbs. 1 I cycle very 3 I know I’m late for everything. 2 Oh, but ride won’t you? 4 You’ve arranged everything How do we usually make an adverb from an adjective? What are the adjectives for these four adverbs? A4 2 Listen to conversation 2 again and fill in the gaps. 1 It’s going to be boring. 3 I wrapped it well. 2 We have to work hard. 4 It’s noisy here. The words you’ve written are adverbs. How do they change the meaning of the words which follow? A5 2 Listen to conversation 3 again. Put the adverbs and adverb phrases on the right into the correct gaps in the sentences. Stop the recording when you need to. 1 Well I can’t come outside our house there 2 They stop round the corner patiently now 3 The traffic’s moving always after school very slowly 4 She’s waiting at her friend’s house often to the station 5 She goes Look at the adverbs and adverb phrases you’ve written. For each one decide if it tells you how often?, how?, where?, or when? 7
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22 B Grammar B1 Using adverbs Adjectives tell us about a noun: Adverbs tell us about a verb: He’s a careful cyclist. He cycles carefully. Adverbs say how often, where, how much, how and when: how often? verb how? where? when? I often come here on Friday lunchtimes. She is waiting patiently at her friend’s house. Adverbs can be one word or a phrase: I’m getting on my bike now. I’m outside my office. ! Some verbs are followed by adjectives not adverbs. (See Unit 1 Grammar B1.): You sound miserable. That’s unfair. I feel happy. B2 Forming adverbs Adjective + -ly adverb perfect + -ly perfectly usual + -ly usually Spelling rules: adjective ending adverb -y noisy y + -ily noisily -le comfortable e + -y comfortably -e safe keep -e + -ly safely ! Some words look like adverbs because they end -ly but they are adjectives (e.g. friendly, likely, lonely, lovely, silly, ugly): He was a friendly man. He told me a silly story. We don’t make adverbs from these adjectives. We use a phrase: He spoke in a friendly way. ➡C1 B3 Irregular adverbs Well is the adverb for good: He’s a good boss. He treats us well. !Well is also an adjective (= not ill): I had stomach-ache last week but I’m well this week. 8
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Adverbs Some adjectives and adverbs look the same (e.g. fast, early, hard, late, daily/weekly/monthly): adjective adverb It was a fast train. He drove fast. He had an early breakfast. He always eats breakfast early. It’s hard work. They work hard. (not They work hardly.)* There’s a late bus on Fridays. We arrived late. (not We arrived lately.)** * The adverb hardly = ‘almost not’. ** The adverb lately = ‘recently’. ➡C2 B4 Adverb position Most adverbs usually go after the verb. If there are several adverbs, they go in this order: How? Where? When? Josh cycled quickly to the station at one o’clock. When? adverbs can sometimes go at the beginning of the sentence. At one o’clock Josh cycled quickly to the station. How often? adverbs usually go: ◆◆ before a one-word verb: I never see you. ◆◆ before the second part of a two-part verb: I’ve never forgotten you. ◆◆ BUT after am/is/are/was/were: I’m often late. The adverbs already, also, just, still, even and only usually go in the same place as how often? adverbs: I’m still at the station. I’ve just arrived. Adverbs do not go between the verb and its object: I posted your present on Wednesday. (not I posted on Wednesday your present.) I wrapped the present carefully. (not I wrapped carefully the present.) ! We say He speaks Spanish very well. (not He speaks very well Spanish.) Too and as well = also but they usually go at the end of the sentence: I sent you a card as well / too. ➡C3 B5 Modifying adverbs and adjectives Some adverbs change the meaning of adjectives or other adverbs: extremely really very rather fairly quite strongest less strong She’ll be really pleased to see you. I cycle very quickly. ➡C4 and C5 9
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22 C Grammar exercises C1 Look at the adjectives in brackets. For each gap decide whether to make the adjective into an adverb. Write the adverb or the adjective. Teenagers like to dress (1) fashionably (fashionable) but their parents don’t always think their clothes are (2) (suitable). They look (3) (unhappy) at their children as they leave the house. Some parents are (4) (honest) and say (5) (polite) what they think, others get (6) (angry) and shout that they don’t like the clothes. But the best idea is for parents to sit (7) (calm) in their chairs and say nothing. They forget that when they were teenagers they didn’t like to dress (8) (different) from their friends and they didn’t always choose their clothes (9) (sensible). But their opinions changed (10) (slow) and by the time they were 30, they had started to dress like their own parents! C2 Look at each word in italics and decide whether it is correct. If not, write the correct word. 1 They listened careful when the instructor told them what to do. carefully 2 The weather today is well. 3 We trained hardly because we had an important match. 4 We have a weekly spelling test in English. 5 I slept bad because there was a thunderstorm. 6 He answered the question correctly. 7 I arrived at school lately and missed the beginning of the lesson. 8 Cara’s cousin gave her a friendly wave as he left. 9 I could understand quite good because the teacher spoke clear. 10 We worked fast and finished early. C3 Are the adverbs in the correct place in these sentences? Correct any mistakes. 1 You will learn quickly English. You will learn English quickly. 2 I missed yesterday the train. 3 I enjoyed very much that television programme. 4 I usually go to college by bus. 5 I never have been to Spain. 6 We have just finished painting the room. 7 They still were waiting when we arrived. 10
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