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Glao trinh " Ma sat hQc" c1U'~cvltit nhc\m phl;!c vl;! cho cac lejp cao hQc ngimh kY thu~t Cd khL Ngoai ra no cCing cO th~ dung c1~tham khao cho sinh v~n Cd khf cac nam cuOI, cOng nhU' nhO'ng al cO mong ·muOn tfm h~u v~ ma sat d~ cO hU'dng nghi€:n cli'u v~ linh vl.!C nay. Glao trlnh nay cO sl.! tham khao nh~u tall~u cua cae me gta trong va ngoai nU'CJc~ linh vl.!C ma sat, Song vdi trinh d~ cOn nhi~u h~n ch~ cCing nhl1 v~c n~m bc1tthOng tin cOn nh~u kha khan, thO! glan chuAn bf It ~ il6n ch~c chan khOng tranh khoi nh~u sai S()t. Tac gia mong muOn dU'~c Sl.! gap 'i va ph~ blnh d4 l6.nsau cO th~ lam tot hdn. Chan thanh earn dill Ngua bi€:n ~n. itb. -p~ -pt"t .4,. 1
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~" ". ic;Crtt1d'NGl , DAI CU'dNG VB KY THUAT.MA,SAT.. . , • 1. Khil nl,itl'chung: " ..., c"," ( •. ~ .-, Ma sat Ia h~n tU'c;Kl9tOn ~l trong tl[ nhi&rl,'imang ~i cho oon ngU'a nhklt' va; 'tL\'a;' a.o' ptlep- t\am con't3u, OtOdang eh~y vdi tOedQ nhanhtro'tlg khOanh khae, ghi giQngnoi oon ngua ~n dia ... ' '- " E>6nnay v~ nhi&u phLfdngd~n, masatVlin can ta mQtdi6u bi ~n. Trong qua trinh ma ~tv2f Chi trong qua trlnh do da dOng thdi xay ra cae qua'trfl'lfi' 6<1' hQe,d~n, nh~t, hOa va rung d~ng. Ma sat cO th' tam tang h~e giam dQ b6n, hlQng cacbon '{rongklfn'~, tam thAm h~e m'tHydro, b~n dOi vang,'~cfi ram thanh Oxyt, dann bOng ChiOOth~e han chting:'M.,'Sit,ta'qua trinh tl[ t6 chUe,trong do cae hklrin;~g -~Yl"a 'thee> mQt trinh tl[ me djnh va hQPIY. cae h~n tUQIlg nay dan d'n Sl[ pha huy bA'm~t, h~e ;r .--~ngU'Ci'C~i ~o"tiffn~t h~ giam d~ .... -- --.,!"-- .• - . mon, va,mil sat. ,.' Gcinli6n va ma sat ta mQt'1rOngnhong vein d~ cAp th~t nhAt : s,-! hao mon cUa'may m6cva th~t bi. Chi phi cho ~e sUa chua may rOOcdo'tfae\fnon reit ldo va tang ~n hang nam. 'Keo'daftti61'''th:qclia may du " mue d~ khOng ldo et1ngngang va ~d·(flta vao mQt I,-!e hlQngsan xuAt dang k~. VAn d~n§ydllQ6sirquan ~m dOng dao cUa cae nha thitit k' cOrig~; 'nhUng ngua sa dllng va cae nha bae hQecUanht6u<nganh khae nhau nham dua ra nhUng bkln phap '" 'lh~tk~ cOng ngh~ 2
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cOng nhlt sU'dl:lng d~ n~ng cao tuOi th9 ctia may; d~u nay lam phcit tr~n b~c,.tbu~1 ~,~a sat - mai mon va b6i trem. Khao ,hge n~y 4.Lt9(rriSh~n Cliu r¢ng rai trong cae nha may,"cae trii(in~'<Lji tipc, @(; ',vi)ii ~ngh~cU'u va da d~t dltge nhung thanh tl!U rat quan tr9ng. SU'dl:lng nhllng thanh tL!Uay eho phep ta :n~ngp~oJo r~t W~ "'9 v.ad¢till~Y: q;.a ma,y. • 2~"NhinethgMntH GbMab:~ r.a.;ir: >,11"" ,-....'.-". '"j,4" ~". - ... , " ." _-.. "'-~ '.- . '$I'lj~"::-..~ . -,,','!. __ "•. -=' .i: - SL!bOitran; "~~.ctUJy~lLdich SQ, ~;,-, >-, _ ':'~ ~ l1gem~ ~t;- ,:)~ao.4TlQOi ,'" , :~,:,~lDt~mGn;- " to: pr,},-, C'!' .,'~. ,:> ,:-~ ••-; ,.,.', .. ," - .• H6,$O barn·diIlh; " . , ~J" , ,'~H.~ fJ@fJPrit;" 'J.~_~__ ~i-"'~" ,: -,HciaJlocJnasat; ,..~ . " .' '.' j -' "I" C ,·-Kkn·Iea;•••. .J. ,-. __·,e~~ ..hnG,~ng;=i-. ~_~...,--J, .,_"...JL'~:"-;" "''''r''~__·~,; .'__~-"'\!l-'-': ". -",r'y, ,',.~ .thuAt @Ci\ ~~.,~r t',.'..... ,.-.' < • ~ ~l,.l1~rna~~t;, ',;-,~,h{ • .. LL!Cma sat tinh Idn nhat; ,r; ,,,:tHll'}.C masat; ~!sat ~,bOitrdn~ !" .~.Masat d~ng; '. , .- Ma satkbOng~i~;,.,~ .•Ma, sat Jan; , -Ma,~1ngqcilij. •.·Ma:sat tinh;: . ; • ~a sat trltQtj .. St1m§I~rnc:,n; 3
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- V~n tOetntc;rt; - V~t I~u bOitran . • 3. N9i dung h'ftoi~CiuakY thu •.t ma sat h9G : 3,1. ~~ng, ehti cc:ieI<'t ~u ma sat khOng mon nhl1 n~rig cao dQ cung M m~t ma sat (th~m Cacbon, Nito, Xyanua, m~ CrOm,tOi b~ m~t ... ). T~t nh~n trong trLt~g.hQP ap ,~uc!lt~u~.!dn thif<;:a,?phl10ng pbap. tr~n -khOrig'cOnthich hQpna~;.~~di.J.~~)~~~~gh~n cuu mQt kha nsmg dap ung dl1Qclhi'dilg hQPd6 fa phl1d1lgphap djeh chuy~n chQnlQekhi ma sat. . , 3.:r'. 81.0--, v~chiti6t.' , .• khoi.•,. ,,1ftsl1 mai mon,My'oro,.', . do la 5t! ~P:~~~:H.~~rc>.~r,~tm~~ch~ ~.lfl(tg:~~,~~u. P6i tran, nfflih I~u, mtdC ... )1am fang nhan,hslf mal mono '., 3;:?; ~~~cncUO!>h~On? .P~~P~~J~:,~ng~rcuOi khOng1i~h\l1.Thl!e ch~t Ia ~ m~t chi t~t ma sat dl1Qe phu n1QtJapman Lalin;ibronzo, h()~e dOng b~ng ph'uang phap-chuy~n djch kim lo~i khi ma sat. Trl1de khi phu, b~ m~t dltQCi!y ~ch d!u m6, vad~~ phu bc\ng.,Glyx~rin hay h6n hQp Glyx~rin + A1fSulfuatlc ~~~ 1'0%). Trong qua trfnh ma sat mQt lap 6xyt tr~n ~ m~t thep bj pha hUy, tst rri~t hex>kim dOng dltQCdeo h6a va-x~m thl!e vao thip: iCfll1iu day' tOp dOng hay' Latin djeh ct1~y~n khoang 1d~n 2 JJl11 . . _ ." _:- '. r .•• 3.4. Hoan'th~n h~ thOng bOitroo va mo r~ng san xu"t .chung. Trong' 'vl~e.ell' ~o ca'e h~ thOng b6i trdll n!y' -phai k~ dtin hang "FR6GHEN" cuaE)uc hay "mASON" cUa My , , ~, ,'" .. , ;! , .'. "i..:'''~' ,"'! : •. ,,', ,; , .. ,' ,,3.5. N~dung eua 'Iy thuy~t v~.---ma sat va_.mai.001; mono ' ----~_._.:j 4
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'." "·CHUONG 2~· CHAT~UONG at M!T vA 'WA~Ar "'''' .1.KhafI11.rri'vi'~'~~it,hic1nu hi m,., c;ac~r tinh. cd bcinva ~n'g tIlai cli~chung: -- lire; .. '.. ~ ,,~a~ n'~fTh,gh~(,'fijS1lJ~~i~cMv. n,h~g ~hOng 56 ~ hinh hQc, V~ tfnh chAt CO 1Yb6a cUa 1¢Jp bA m~t mong cGng t1hLtU'ng sutft, ', dLt trong Idp ~ m~t Ay. Khi . ,~~ -~ -., , " .. ngh~i1 ,~.,d~nghQc cua sLJthay d6i chitt ILt<;'ng~ m~t c1Ji\~t' may" ci1,nP,~~~.J[~trfmg m~i,bcm,,~~, va ~ng thai Iamv~c (~c~!nhW, nbQnQlt4~~ ~'hSlt ~ng khi ma sat)' H , ' , " ' 1.1".1r'4nUtb.ii hinh 'h~ khj m~a4t~.' ;l. ~_,- ., 'r'- ,-; - ._~.;-·.Jt ~~·.:q-nj ~;r !-:.•: ! , SL[ sai ~hclR,,eu~~,Jrl~t tl:U/C,~ ·.vdi. b4, m~t Iy . iU6rtQcO th~. cO d~n9, vr mO, vi,mO va ~i6u vi mO. , .>~•• J _ ,,_, ~ ,. ~ " '" ","J~ilh~u "h,inh.hQc VI mO"la nhql?Q,sai khc:ieeua M "m~t' tr~n to,iln ..b¢ ,~i ~~ dQI8 nhung sai s6,~i quan, .dltc;Soquan sat tr~ m~t kich ~lldc Idn nhlt d¢ sOng, d¢ Ovan ... ; "Hinh hQc vi mO" Iad~c tfnh cUa hinh1da,ng va k{ch thltOc cae nhAp .nhO b~ rn~t dlt<;JCq"'~,n sat tr~n m¢t 'd~n tfCtl hlnh vuOng nho cO ~nh 'vai milimet; "Hinh hQe si~u vi mO"~~q !tlIt!gyho.mQt da,ng nhtfp nhO d~e b~t ma sL! xuAt h~n cO I~n quan vOi cfIu truc ~n trong kim 5
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Io~i va $I.! khOngAil~::thitFli@la chung. BiAnd~ng siAu vi mOdLtc;JCnghiAn CUu tr~n cae do~n M m~t dai tu m~t .6_~w1i _.tM6i-.1rUdng.Bm~c tro,ng-v",~ ~txli~ cO anh hLtbng Idn va cO th~ tresthanh quy6t~nh-d~.>phap nhOeua b~n d~ng s~u vi mO. C', ,. ;.- ' ~i~g."', IDOt,~Og oh~p ohO ~~e bl4i,(I,p ta ~p hQPnllilng4iJ)h;(chOcW)va chAn (<;116 10m}, ~p di Jc1Ip jO-- ~ liJicP.chu kYdo- JaJat hi6,ndao d¢ng cUamay, chi ~t va dyng ~ k\;li-g~ @g . • ;0 ,-. --- •. ~~i ;_. ;: '!:;--,. • ~, f)~thi bitn ~ cUe ~rrn[ltgia cOng khi mai Ei';..~ l t\•.r. ,.·Pl'~~J\tQ.ng ~ m~t do cOng ngt)tl gia cOFlQ,Q4y6t ''C c1lnh·ccfarlllllll<JJg.sau ~e dtind~ !<klnSlr .d.",ngtitip sau <Jo~Trang: qua,trmti lam .y~e, ,.b4 nw~40, (~c mc)t . '," , ", r • - ("," '-.,'.•• '0 : < cOng ngh~) sa m~t di nhanh chong, hinh d~ng mdi cUa ~ m~t hinh thanh va khae vdi ~ m~t ban dim. 51.!hinh thanh b~n d~ng lam v~e khi ma sat cO I~n quan vdi sl.! titin Wn qua trinh ~o dai eua cae th~ Uch M mc)t kim Ioqi dLtdi tae dl:lng cUa Ltng suat phap, 6
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\fngil~Aetjpvc¥ qua trinh pha ho~leae IdpM> m~t m6ngr;;b 'i- c, ,,'( 1~2eaG'tmh cm\t cd=lyb&ivi'tn,fts"tmti ft'ng'auit cua cacto" bi m4f: ::: Ngoai d~c Unh hinh hqc, chAt IltQllg ~ m~t chi ~r" •... ; _;0:,.: ,'. '; ".:_ ,,-< r , t _.,' '_ r ,'_ . -; • . t~t may,~h~LI~quyAt d"'h 'bcJitfnh chAt-'~'ly hoa.cua "lOp b3rt1~frriOrrg vatrcfhg thciilfng'sU!fcUa ehurlg,cQic l(;'p'rlAy ~drbtl~u ldily varefi~b Angstron d!nvai phim tram hay phAn mltdi milimet dlt~d~'C tntngbdi cliutruc va cae tlnh chAt khae h~n so vdi kim I~i g6e cUa chi tkit. vtiu t6 chlnh gffy nAn sL!thay d6i Unh chAt eua cac Idp ~ m~t mong khi sa dl:lng Ia bkin d~ng deo. Trong qua trinh do xucit h~nSL! ~ trung reit Idn va khOng dOngd~u nhung chOkhuytit va cae nguyAn ta bj bkin vj, gffy nAn sL!h~t hoa cae th~ Uch ~ ~t kim ~i va lam phat tr~n hi~ntllQrlgfd;u)f'ro ti"h, d~n'(!'h$\1 Oxy hOa cae Idp ~ m~t ma sat cUa kim ~i trong cae d~u k~n ma sat binh thltang.-Giing v~"nguy6n nh~n nciy, nhung khi cae d~u ki~n sa dl:lng-limh thUdRgbj pha huy sa g~y nAn hitf1 tltQl1g,troc khOng cho phep. M¢t d~? Unh quan trQngktlcil;lcua 't~ntfthai cae Idp b~ m~t mong Ia ~ng 'thai ,lh1gsuAfcua'bhuftg .Slfphat slntt ung suAt dtf cO 'CI~r{quariv~ c6ng ngh~ ChA~8!~~~f'""uS{r dljhg: . - ~ - ,. ;!,t -1 ti 1 ~-:::;--~! . ~- :i 7
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; ~ ;""'\ i>· Ung suat dlJ khi ~- -ling suMdtt-khi bj hao rOOndo moi Qua phc!mtich tra.1l9 .tJ;Jcij M m~t ya -e8C quan d~m. otia cae thOngsO 'hJnh hQC va ¢8C tfnh ch~t Cd IY hoa coo thay cOm& quan h~ huu Cd giua tit ca nhung d~c tinh ay,-- va anh hLlangIan nhau giua ~.~.rlg.... .."'--',------",-- . ,-~ 1.3. T~ng thai ban d'ilCvii"~nlffhanam vi;c cua hi m~t: .,',; , Khi chiu ma s~t, t~ng thai ban dilU v~ ~u truc !tJnh .h~b6.~t va tinh,ehAt cUa:ca,e1pP.-W.mcltm6ng , do c&I1g'hgh~:giacOhgu,o n~n se b!!thay d61~ cd ban. Dltdi tacd~ng cua cae YEiu'to :mcfsat ngoal(tal, trQ~g, . tOedQ, ;rih~t ~¢, tnOi trLlOng:•.. ) t~ng thai b;~n~u:Se ehu~l'lsan'g'l~ng that1am vi~e. T~ng ffi~m vi~ccua M m~t khOng nhung chi xac dinh bang nhung d~c tfnh cOn"~i -sau khi 60 'Mirna c6n~baf1gd rihung t~ay"d6i diin ra ngay trong qua trinh ma sat. :•.. ' C8e y~u to chfnhanh hLlCJhg'ta~ng"thaib~ m~t ma sat, eh~t ILI<;,ngb~ mc)tdl1<;scth~h~n': 8
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IV TRANG THAI HlnhhQc , ling sulrt b6,,*- trongJOp b6 ~t Tinh chAt TinhchMclS cUe v$t I~u mOi tllJ()ng I8mY~ 1.4. Nb~9thcing $0 thay lta chat Itt_a iiim,t sat: CiUa ma v~c ngh~n cliu t~ng thai d¢ng Illc hQccua b4 ro.~tlp6,th~dl1qc~n hc1mhbang each donh~t d¢ ung suat va d~n th~,<t~gtrl1ng. 9
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I I 1 : BAt t!Au lam ~c 2 : Ch~ d~ 6n<t:mh , 3: $au khl thOI1at;, D6Jbi ~ th~n nh~t dO ~ "*khi me sat ngoiJi Do bj nung1nongtrong thdi gian ma sat, cae lap bj 'r11~tse bi~n no. ~c U'ng ,suttnen We thdi c:fllQC hiOh thimttva-)la:~t·t1¢~"l ''X8cdlnh , chUng 00 th~ gay n6n 6\t deo kim ~i trang cae Ic;p b6 ~. Sal:Jkhl bO tal va nguan c:fl,trang. Idp-Iam ~.nay,stnh aioUng suAt keo dU ~nbang va aic lblg suAt nay sinh trang phan cOn Iql cUa OOt d~ kim Io~i. I :Qua trinh lam v~c if 06 thi b~n thi&1 d~ 1M (cp),cUa ~"'t R¥fS$ #Jeo thCIigiaq(~' o 2 4 6 8 10 (OPhut 10
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Khi t>at dciu lam vi~e cO sl! pha huy Idp mang Oxyt il!,nhiaA ban cfAu . Sl! pha huy nay lam 'cho d~n thi chuy6F1.rAtm~nnsang phfa ~m. Sau dOs-,! d~n b~n euaLma:~t tr9l1Qnhilng di~u ki~,n'binh thlldllg (II) lam hinh thanh cae mang Oxyt thlJ ecip lam tang va' On dinh trj s6 cua d~n th~. DlIang GOngII d~e trllng cho sl! xu~t \•• , f" :, f' h~n qua trinh trOe nguy h~rn t1ngvdi cae gla trj eua tai ' dinh bfnh ttl~a8c:~'truAg chu .Ytiu00& chAt IlIqng ~ ~ m~t~l1~qoy~t(fl~h bhininh h~ clia cae b~nd~hg trQng cao ha.' gla:tritdisl6u vi tM-viI tinh' ChAtr.::~icAl.i>itFOO'tfiu,h~n . Khi ~p ma sat lam ~ectrp tllonO~' . ungvOid"u~n ,masat de :Cho.',l-" ':' C~; • , ,'V*emuY;n ~ m~t chi tkitmay sang t~ng thai lam v~e thl!e h~n dll~trong ph~m'Vi nhUng'h~n tLtc;1l1g binh thllang. Khi nhilng d~u ~n binh tbuialgbi pha h~i cO th~ xucit h~n nhltng h~n tllqng trOe va nhilng qua 'lrinh cO h~i khae . B¢ ph~n ma sat cO 1h4 ra vao I m¢t ~ng thai nguy h~m lam g;am tinh tin ~y Jam~e clia may mot. ,,' - Khi ehuy~n tert~ng thai lam v~e sang tr~ng thai ron ~iclia.~:m~·cae d~e tinh hlnh hQe gcin nhll ~n :b30t6an:',lkhOng'oo nhltng thay c161 'r6~ . Nhtlng tinh chAt clia cae lOpmong ~ m~t bi thay dOidang k~. D~u do x4y ra khi giam nh~t d~ trong cae th~ tich ~ m~t khi be>tal. Ung sucit trong cae lap ~ m~t cOng bi thay dOi rAt m~nh. ' " ' ~ " ..,' 1.5. SlffOf'U'Uhoa.. . chit Ilt9!1g ba.J14ju,~.•. ... chit Itt~g lam vitc cua b6 m't. -. 11
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, r." . ' : • ".", NhBng h~u b~t v~ co hQe , v~t IY chAt ran, h6a IY cae h~n tltc;tng M m~t , IY thuy~t cat gQt, Jj' thu~t ma sat mai mon cho phep n~u ~n nhung nguy~n t1e v~ kha nang d~u·~n ch~t1~~r~·'~t 51! hinh thaNhchat l~g"M m~t, trong tnt8ng hQJFt6ngquat phI! thu~c vao ctl;hQci~'xue; d~ed~m cUa .ca-u We Mn'trong va dit\u~nrrt61:trttarig. 'Nhlt v~y, d~ cO dltQc'chAt tlt<;JhgbA m~t c6ng ng~ cO IQj nhat <Ainthl!e h~n cae y~u <Aiusau: · cae~i d6~t1tIg"s{JAt oih' thoe man d~u kl~n d~1"o f8~nhang bA m~t mOi vdI,sL! pha·h~i it nhat va lam 18"g ~ b~h dOng1c:Mu cae fdp b& Mtlt.' . >" ,C" • Mal ~'ph8J'~ .·kha nang' lam gi8rn hang lLtc;JhgtJe ~t ,;,smthoat cae bitin v! l&A'bA mc1ttd~ dang, lam hoat-deo va dua cae b;6n i~ng vao: nhOhg tdp M m~t mongo ..•....." ~ ~mt~"'chM' ItI'~g tam v~e'cO ~. nhat , <Ain hhOngy6u t6 sau: • B~u dO Li'ng suat p\:)u h1<'P v(li· ~e gism ~p trung taltrQngngoai <1!n mli'c' Ian' flhM bSo dam ~o thanh cae diii d~ va aiefdp mehg 0Xyt bi phci frtiy It nhat .. ; :,~ ,., . ·;Mot trLt()ng'phal mlm bao "y~u cAu' ~c ~. h6a b~n d~ng deo trong cae b6m~t. '1 c- f --- «iIp ; V~e cO dUQC 'b~rl·'tt~ng Jam ~c cdl<'i nhat d~u cO I~n quan <1~nb~n d~ng c6ng ngh~ ban<1au::Kf1i{f~u ~n au cbJng binh thltClng cU8~pma sat.,~p ghep b! pha;~i, qua trinh phci h~lrhiingc!u tffib;thlt cAp"OO th~'~il1d1iqua trinh bQo \I~ d1ung.1.nnn;tll'c;Jhg 1.1'00 va 12
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I'" trqc nhanh:)(u&ih~n, no ~y ra'khiquatal 'Va man b6i trdnQI gian~n,'-cht,aQ-:n~t bipha h~i. ... ' Slf pha huy qU.a'trinh rnaw blnb ..ttJltCtlg gAy hLt. A:1~g.<fhoJb6~t cO tM xuAt h~nkhivimg·4Itip xuc bi .,j~~,WnJ' qua' tal .khj nUM;ail ,Ian gAy t\6n. $1/ .phahuy ,moi kern Jh@ ~,(;hinh, llhimh QlC vat nll'l bong,We Idp kim Io~i va fil/hinbthanh cac chOlOm.. ' 1.6.$11Qp lUl1fLQHbl ~~ bi m,t ma sat : .. M~t t'J~ctfnh m8,sat·ngoai fa st! rdi r~c cUa cac !kip d~m CO RQCooa 2 bt\ milt,~·xuonhau,. tUy thu~c vila 4"" kltA t@i1rqngcac~,thOng;s6Iti6p xUG"se thay d6i troog ph,m vi kbS ~lI(fi: vAltd6.phuo~p "".)(lie- cUa cciQ~' milt ma sat, ;quy'~t,bi6n:\'ltM&ncH..d~: 11nh cO ban cUa chling, cAn phai dlfa tr~n co sc,: ,-,,·"N§hitn Cltu tinh mat va cac-th6ng sa..-tkipxuc khi chiu tai trqng t6ng va khi ma sabd.g;i1\UcMdtac .,gYrnl.JMc,phapMll • tuy6n~,~.l' . " • ,j :n6"- Nghi6n'eUU1SL!t~p xuccac'~ mEltvacac~n ~ ,-:QQflg.tng~ ..Ic¥.n._0 hay stt dl.:lng..' ;. - Ph~n b~i cac quan n~m ~ slf tiAp xUc va tllang tac Ctit" ca!;;~(mc)t\trong,nhij:ng'iqucrtrfnh ma sat binh thudng va kh6'~r.ifth ijtu'CIitg .. ' : - XAy. d~g ",' hinA.'OOp xlictrong eMu' k~n ma . ·satbiAh·.U')UOng; T.ep,xucilH!c,khOngdjjn rat'*' toan:~,d~tIch ~J?,xt;~,daol1 oghil ,mil. chi ;, ~ 56 d~tich ik\p.lxUc vung ~klp; d~n 1ich'hinh hQC cUa c8cdlAmMp xuc thlfc, ~n trong nhang di~n tich c!ly hQPthilnh d~n t1ch 13
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t~p xlie thL!e. Oi.n Uch Mp xlie se- quy~t dinh ap su~t thL!e, sL! phat tr~n b~n d~ng deo cUa dim hOi, sL! ~o nh~t, cae I~n k~t ~o n~n lL!ema sat ngoili dltQC hinh thanh trAn nhO'ngph~n -OOpxlie thl}'e. Tfnh rdi rqe eua cae' tkip d~m Cd hQe trang khi ma sat cO y nghia r~t ICIn.O~n Ueh t~p xlie thL!e se quy~t djnh ap su~t tIlt!c,;-,Sl!phclittri6n cUe!'cae bi6n d~ng deo va dim hOicling nhlt sl.!~o thanh nh~t. cae I~n k~t bi':m~t ~ -ritrr 111e m9sal ngoiJi c1lt9chinh fhanh t~n . nhO'ngpt1in'-Mpxuc trlfc tkip. 00*tt6pxuc 00 tinti r~$h6n1.J<tliphAn iiCtitlidng tae cUa cacbE\~t ngit(jJta,phA"b~t: ' 1/ O~n Uch ti6p xlie danh nghfa Sdn: La tlSng hinhhQc Mt8ng d~n tieh'Mt' xLictht(C tl'cO th~ cO dlt<;E.D~ tieb nAy b; 'giatl~n otil:JI;'kfchthlt& va hinh d~h!t'OO8"'C8t~tthiMp1(li~:_i -2/D~n tich tl&pxLic v6ng Sv : la d~n tfch ~o n~n .do sl!:bkind~g'N . ooa cae ~ tiGhbA ~t eqc ~eua~t Stf,hihhthanh cua'Sv(flt~ qttytt <!fnft'b'a'cac'nhllp nh6'ooabi ~t>ti!p xdc,w tai ttQl1g. ~~.Iu"",1 .f"\IA~ t'-'o. 41A~pxoc• th .qC->"'t:':ua'~." L' 4":""i'Ilv.~ cua'cacI • d~'tfchttep me thl}'cl! t6 vf cUa vclt~.-;H~tf nay quan n~m St iii ham cUa hinh dang':tfirffl'h~'cUa tUng nh~p nhOr~ng va tai trQng tae dlJng ~n chling. Trong mQid~u k~n ma sat ngOat:tacO :' . 14
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Sa d6tiAp xUc clJa hai ~t ~itIM~ ,:!~o(n~(jIl!~ cO phl/dng phap 1h~c ngh~m va IY thuy6t <1ucho phep x8Ddfnh d~tfch tkip xLic thlfe d¢ng cae rnOWnh,,< d4ng tfnh 1oan'it:oo co s6, cOn thlfe nghi4m cO.~ dlinh xac thap, pbUc ~pva chi dung cho.~p xLictinh. (nF: ~.hSl.lito ,_Khititipxuc tihhdo':Q!) hinhthanh i~t,~;mg<Jinhtrr~d~c thu h~ncht'b""'m,hg va d~n tich ~p xLie thlfe, cOn khkma -sat <1QngmAn .•daRg cUa cav,~,J~ ~ mQn~ va\~Jang:.rt)tf~p~:xue thlfe . c.lkinranhiitu. Qua q~n S2itkifth-Win \Ii ta thAyring: Kh6ng nmtrlgr biflh.hqc vi mO mile slt\u vi m61rong wng titip xue cling thay t161,f6!htt, anhhubngt! vH>6 m~tkhi cPjI,L;1;iit" khaeJ(aso v¢l khLma,sat'.~ng. TCt do kh~,djntl:,ti6pJxuctihl1 \18 ~pxdc idU.ma sat<1QngcO ,, ..~h co auca;1;l' ~.: t>a FtJ...j"...1 , Iii ," ., •.• ~. r" . '\, ,--.'" ...• • 2. Ma &.it ngoai: . ;'. 2.1. Phin I~i : Ma sat ngoai luOn luOn xuat h~n khi cO chuy~n d¢ng tlldng <101eua cae v~t th~ tkip xuc nhau va cO 15
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Utdng 'lac Cd hQc~OI nhau.;~c trung cOiban fa Il[c ma sat: IS Il[C can tro d!ch chuy~n tLtdng d6~;;No IS k&t qua ,- cUa nh~u.st! tu'dngi t:i¢phttc ~p :kbab,trong do chu~ ~ ra qua trinh: Cd hqc hoa IY hqc, d~n hqc va cac qua trinh khae. Quan h~ giua cae qua trinh nay cO th~ rat khaG';:phl:lthu~cvao d~e tfnh tai tF'Qng,tfnh chAt cUa ~t I~u va mOitntClng. Ma'sat oofctnKfng ~ truy~n fl[c, truyAn ehuy~n ~ng, troy'n h~t d~ng cho Gic~ ~n mciy,gia <X!Ing kim'~I, rMi"gla',COrig bt\ngap kfchay dA hiln v.v.. Mcn~atb6n.1gAy tOnhaocOhg·suat, mai mon, hLthong cacb& m~tt"pxlic., : ,; '-,'iI' fe PhAn ~i theo~g h~c cU8 'truy'nd¢ng c6: Ma sat trlrQt,r:n~ sat lan, ma sat quay. " PhAn Ioai theQ.tinh chat bOitrdn: cO ma sat udt, •. -., .. ';r--; .,~. - ma'sat khO,ma sat tOi h~n. ,~ ·--PJtAn~i theo d¢ng Illc hqe khi ti6p xtie: <:6 ma sat tillh, ma ~t d¢ng. • ~hAn ~i theo ~u,?nang sa dl:lng: ,cOma sat binh thLtdngva ma sat khOngblnh thLtdn{l. " caQ y611 t6 ,anh hui:lng d!n ma sat Ia: ~t I~u, tai ;-'"" .>r~nJ·~Yr':~,'\;n~',-,- : _".~:- ,', ", ';~ trqngl,v~~ ~9 ~Ltc;n,mOi.trLtangnhLt chAt bOl treln, ~h~t d¢ taffl ~c v. v:.. ;"" " , ,'<t: .. --,.,'. ,,'-, , . K6t fueln:Ma sat ngoai rAt khac n"au ,TheoCulOng: F == A + 'J,&N " F:Il[cma sat .~ . , Hang sOd~ea. ',.,,' trLtng.cho ,kha nang )l6n,; . -,:' .• " A: p- , _ ":-" ,: -. ~~, _ l .. - k~t giua'cae nguy~n tll.' , .' JJ.:'·H~s6 masat . N: Luc phap tuy'n. ".- :"": 16
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,Thttong A -kha nho do -m~t Mpxue ghO gh~, n6n ta lAy..: F :;.pN COncOth6 coi I1!crna ,sat F la-m~t toantttA, phl:! . tbu¢c sau:::., ",',:, .' C;'-'; F(N)'= A {N, vie} ';-;- Wcdo e latham 50 th6 h~vv~t,,~u, d~u k~n mOitrltdng. M111'~YI nc);tmOng<phailaham cOduy n"leit N ma no Ia m¢Hlam,hay 1 toan ta:cli8,qua trinh hay sinh tlng va i6h~t1ilyJlaykhaecUa,Nt ~n t6e v va vee tel cae ~ng ,s&ma sat c; T6ngqua1.:e8evdi6ukitln titip xue,Cd nh~t cUa cae ~ m~t ma sai va mOII~eng:f, va ,N ~n : quan.vDi n~u •.bang m~t toan ill' cUa,caeqUci'-trinhA. MASAT . ,. ~ .. " T-HIXlNG ~~:~:=:::::::::::£iiii5~ik1§.:::.::..':::::...:.:.::::~:.:~."~:::;:·''.~~.~:.:'''~::...:;:~.:~~:::~:~:j, ..: Hao mOn£)Acj.U1lJ1000mTiNH" ma <MA0,01sAT fJNHtHUONG"J,.:',,)ti tr" ,~1oo.KHONGsiNH ~.h:;.:~.:)'V (caDdO b6na)_ , .: 10 +14'; ;.::. . 1 + 3 :)..:i.;.·· .....:_ ..• ·······-- f· . '. I .. ~. r~v . :' , t,~ -, " ' ... "~j~~l) ~a, sat ~hong b,!n,h,!tHrOngttiiJarWhJ~n ct1uIy thuy6t bi6n vi: (;au true thl!e eua v~t ~R ~V~ mO 1aday du bang b~nl;.mfii('v3t ;t.~~'cR ~4~~9 tlnh th6, dlt~ ~~e trltng bqt .m¢t b~n yi xc;i<t,?!Q~~~~..!f1~td¢ eua no. B~n v! cho phep giai quy~j ~,.[(4~tltang tae Cd hQe •• '-.-- -". t 110 giQ~ cc;i;e~ m~~J~J:l,Q"th~chQaqu~ n~m v~~n d~ng ~t Iy' ~!L.d~lli: ~m v~c, 9h9, p~ep phcit tr~n Iy thuyAt troe dl!a tr~n.. Cd chA biAn vi, phat h~n ra nguy~n nh:tn chung eho Sl! 0 xy h6a va ttoe k}li ma sat Ii! sll h~t hoa kim ~i cae ~ ~~t do sit phat tr~n cae sai 17
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~ch cAu truc t1nhth~ khi b~n d~ng deo cho phep ngh~n cuu cac h~n tLrc;snghinh thanh deii khi masat va sl! 1.ci1o thanh cac Ic.p mAy 0 xuyt bao v~~thU'c~p, tCtdo giai ••••.•.• r quy~t dU'~ nhUng yA.n,~,;phuc~P'r9J8 Iy thuy~t qua trinh, sl! pha huy ~i va r.ar.' blt., ,ttr~g khac, can ph~m cac h~n tLrc;tngma sat thanh 2 Ifnh vl!c : ma sat binh thU'i:Jngva ma sat khOngbinh thU'ang. 2.2. Beln Ghat Gua ma sat ngoai : Tim h~u ban ch~t cAn th~t cho ~cXAy dlfng mO hinh qua trinh, mOfa qua trinh nay v~ phU'dngd~n 1U'c;sng va d~'kh~n sl! t~n ~n eus n6;'Ia' Cds6d~-giai quy~t nh~u bai toan IY thuy~t va thl!ct6 ~ cae vAn d~: chOng man, chOng masat. ~c-~hMI" euu;b~r.chAt ma sat phuc 1.ci1P'II phal nghl~n cuu t6 hQP\~n-:~-;cac h~n tU'Qtlg:'Vclf"ly,hoa, dl~h hQc va cae' hl~n tU'c;tngkhac 1ron'gvUni~p'xuc; . , a. Qua trinh ma sat blnh thlfOng;va khOng binh nhauta slJ dAy ttfxa docac\!nAp' ~ ~g deo va danhOrdJath.U'dn...g.,: n...~h~~, ~iucac nhApnh....CI.n~nllO..da.;.n~\ee~.'t~ vi,s:'..... 'jJ!~dn..~..khac phl:fcnhOngta.,· c .kha~ tltdrig18cl~(hftac;hgLiy~ntlrd6nsl! Wc cUa kim~l, d~n'~d;~thanh cae' n1angkhac nhau;·qu&"ntliAlulai I~udiCi1his:'vOi m~t tal trQng phap tli~;dufnhAt cO th' U'hg~- 00 tH~Lh19.vc;jnhi8u; gl8 It!1l!c ma sat rilt khac nhau tuy thu¢e vao t6e:d~d'c'('Chuy'n ttIdng -d6i, nh~t d¢ va mOitrU'i:Jng,n~n noi d~n h~ 50 ma sat khOng cOnghia ma noi th~m ~ d~u k~n ma sat. 18
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A B C D t .';:;" .i r,' ". ,AB:fNJsat 0 xy:~~6n dinh,,~~,~, ~C?,h~tmai ~: !LIcma ~t giam xuOng.. . . '. ' v~. ~ehtft.mai pha va cac b~ m~t 0 xuyt ~o , ;:"D4n CD IJlc,ma sat~ng!k\n~, ". :~n D.khOng cho h~t mili dUa.d6n!~l!Cma satF 6n dinh, bOi VI mang Oxyt duQCphlJc hOi, ch~4ctm'a-sat ./" ~n dAt:J ~i Y6P~~.\' ,i ,; 't, , ,' ~~~ .•. '.,- ! ~~.u kQ'-~g,dinh Ia ~lJg,1hU'c F(N) ;:;:A {N, v, C} : ~'hgp jy,;~a sat t).inh.:th~ IuOnJuOn~n U~nv(Ji ,qua trIon,~~ )~\ va~j ;man nhat dint). g~,.~)c" qua '~J,ri~.,p~ttn:b6lID~pn~~;hQa hqp, JWn. Cltd09 G1U.~c... .... , ,- -,' ~Qg,t~J~cmghen,n~t..~" ngh,i6n: ~u,tIlt\,·ditn ,9~, ng~n. cUu·troOSJ ~I'lj~ng va~.~c:mOiJnrangkhf khac nh~~ -dlla ita.kt\t quasau:/ ..~." '~,' , ~'-. .' 19
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A B C D t "1 ~ • '<_ ,AB:mqsat 0 xX~~ dndinh~i~~,.Bi~,h~t mid ~: !L!cma s,atgiam xu~ng.. ~c hijt.ma,i pha va cac ~ m~t0 xuyt ~o v~. '" .. E>4n CD Iij'c,ma sat;t,av,J1g, ~n. . . ,- '.',- '("- ,.,", :f~n D.khOng cho hqt mai dua.~n!~l!C .ma satF 6n d!nh, b6i VI mang Oxyt dll<;fCphlJc h6i, ch~4~_m'a-sat ~n dA~lcJi~p.~.\. ,!" 'I"~ , ' ~ . ... .•.. QIt,u ~~g.·d!nh Ia ~OO,ijlli'C F(N)::;: A {N, v, C} , ~ hgp ij/il!lla sat t).inhJhl@ng'IuOnJuOnganU~nv~ ,Qua trion, ~~ ;~" var1)E1Lmonnhat dinh. g~ ..~}c,.qua ,·-J,rioo.,p~~)~6'IID~Pfl~au~hPahqp, ~. Cl/Qlg G1U.tr~c ~Qg,tiaJ~~ghen.,n~L~,' ngh,iAn: wu,tij6 ..d~n~OrI nght'n. oUu·troM ~1'1; ~ng va~J~c:mOiJnrdngkh( khac nh~~iu'U'aita ;k~tquasaU:;f ~ 20
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