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ĐỀ THI THỬ ĐÁNH GIÁ NĂNG LỰC CHUYÊN BIỆT TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC SƯ PHẠM THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH MÔN TIẾNG ANH I. Reading Passage 1 The Hidden Cost of Light Pollution In recent decades, the excessive use of artificial lighting in cities has become a growing concern among scientists, environmentalists, and public health experts. Unlike air or water pollution, light pollution is often invisible to our senses in the form of immediate discomfort, yet it profoundly impacts ecosystems and human well-being. Artificial light at night disrupts natural circadian rhythms, affects wildlife migration patterns, and even interferes with astronomical observations, making it harder for scientists to study the night sky. Chronic exposure to bright light during nighttime has also been linked to increased risks of sleep disorders, metabolic diseases, and certain types of cancer. Light pollution is particularly challenging to control because it is tied to cultural habits and economic growth. Many people believe that brightly lit streets and buildings enhance safety and symbolize prosperity. However, research suggests that beyond a certain level, more lighting does not significantly improve security and may even create glare that reduces visibility for drivers. In rural areas near urban centers, the glow of city lights can travel dozens of kilometers, affecting both local communities and distant natural habitats. Apart from health and ecological effects, light pollution also has cultural implications. Humanity has had a long-standing connection with the night sky, which has inspired myths, navigation techniques, and scientific discoveries. The loss of visible stars in urban skies deprives future generations of this shared heritage. Some countries, such as New Zealand and Chile, have introduced "dark-sky reserves" to protect regions from unnecessary artificial light, benefiting both tourism and biodiversity. Despite these findings, urban planners in many cities still treat light pollution as a minor issue. The absence of strict regulations means that excessive lighting continues to spread, especially with the growing use of LED technology, which, while energy-efficient, often emits harsher blue light that is more disruptive to biological systems. As cities continue to expand, ignoring the consequences of light pollution could be a costly mistake for both people and the planet. Question 1. The word "profoundly" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to: A. Superficially B. deeply C. briefly D. unexpectedly Giải thích: Trong câu "light pollution is often invisible to our senses … yet it profoundly impacts ecosystems and human well-being", từ "profoundly" nghĩa là "một cách sâu sắc, mạnh mẽ". Các đáp án khác: A. superficially (một cách hời hợt) → trái nghĩa. C. briefly (một cách ngắn gọn) → không đúng ngữ cảnh. D. unexpectedly (một cách bất ngờ) → không phù hợp. Question 2. The word "it" in paragraph 2 refers to: A. cultural habits B. light pollution C. economic growth D. visibility for drivers
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Giải thích: Trong câu "Light pollution is particularly challenging to control because it is tied to cultural habits and economic growth", đại từ "it" thay thế cho "Light pollution" ở đầu câu. Question 3. Where in paragraph 2 does the following sentence best fit? This challenges the common belief that brighter always means safer. A. [I] Before sentence 1 B. [II] After sentence 2 C. [III] After sentence 3 D. [IV] After sentence 4 Giải thích: Ở đoạn 2, câu 2 nói: "Many people believe that brightly lit streets and buildings enhance safety and symbolize prosperity." Câu cần chèn "This challenges the common belief that brighter always means safer" sẽ hợp lý ngay sau khi đề cập đến niềm tin này, trước khi tác giả đưa bằng chứng phản bác ("However, research suggests…") Question 4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a result of light pollution? A. Disrupted sleep cycles in humans B. Increased wildlife migration success C. Loss of visible stars in cities D. Interference with astronomical studies Giải thích: Bài nói rằng ánh sáng nhân tạo ảnh hưởng tiêu cực đến di cư của động vật ("affects wildlife migration patterns"), chứ không nói là giúp tăng thành công. Các đáp án khác đều được đề cập: A. Disrupted sleep cycles in humans → "disrupts natural circadian rhythms". C. Loss of visible stars → "The loss of visible stars in urban skies deprives future generations". D. Interference with astronomy → "interferes with astronomical observations". Question 5. The phrase "artificial light at night" in paragraph 1 can be replaced by: A. natural moonlight B. man-made nighttime illumination C. sunlight reflection D. dim candlelight Giải thích: "artificial" = nhân tạo, "light at night" = ánh sáng vào ban đêm → nghĩa đầy đủ là ánh sáng nhân tạo về đêm. Question 6. The word "glare" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to: A. bright light causing reduced vision B. warm light that feels comforting C. dimness that hinders eyesight D. reflection from water surfaces Giải thích: Trong đoạn 2: "… may even create glare that reduces visibility for drivers" → glare là ánh sáng chói gây giảm tầm nhìn. Question 7. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 1? Artificial light at night disrupts natural circadian rhythms, affects wildlife migration patterns, and even interferes with astronomical observations. A. Night lighting can interrupt biological cycles, confuse migrating animals, and hinder space research.
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B. Animals benefit from artificial light as it helps them navigate. C. Artificial light is helpful for astronomers to see distant stars. D. Night lighting improves health but reduces sky visibility. Giải thích: đáp án A diễn đạt lại đủ 3 ý: gián đoạn nhịp sinh học → “interrupt biological cycles”, ảnh hưởng di cư → “confuse migrating animals”, cản trở quan sát thiên văn → “hinder space research”. Question 8. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. LED lighting completely solves light pollution. B. Cultural traditions have no effect on light pollution. C. Some nations have taken measures to limit artificial light. D. Bright city lights always improve public safety. Giải thích: Đoạn 3: “Some countries, such as New Zealand and Chile, have introduced ‘dark-sky reserves’ to protect regions from unnecessary artificial light.” → chứng tỏ một số quốc gia đã hành động để giảm ánh sáng nhân tạo. A sai: Bài nói “urban planners in many cities still treat light pollution as a minor issue” → các nhà quy hoạch vẫn xem nhẹ. B sai: “Light pollution… is tied to cultural habits and economic growth” → cultural habits có ảnh hưởng. D sai: “Research suggests that beyond a certain level, more lighting does not significantly improve security and may even create glare that reduces visibility for drivers” → ánh sáng không luôn cải thiện an toàn. Question 9. What can be inferred from the passage? A. People are becoming less concerned about night skies. B. Once installed, artificial lights rarely get removed. C. Rural areas are unaffected by city lighting. D. Light pollution only affects humans, not animals. Giải thích: “Light pollution is particularly challenging to control” + “The absence of strict regulations means that excessive lighting continues to spread” → suy ra khi đã lắp thì hiếm khi bỏ, vẫn lan rộng. A sai: Không nói người dân ít quan tâm; chỉ nói “urban planners… treat… as a minor issue”. C sai: “The glow of city lights can travel dozens of kilometers, affecting… distant natural habitats” → nông thôn vẫn bị ảnh hưởng. D sai: “Affects wildlife migration patterns” → ảnh hưởng cả động vật. Question 10. Which of the following best summarises the passage? A. Light pollution is mainly a scientific inconvenience for astronomers. B. The overuse of artificial light has serious effects on health, nature, and culture. C. LED lights are the main cause of light pollution and should be banned. D. Urban lighting benefits outweigh its drawbacks. Giải thích: Bài nêu tác động lên:
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Sức khỏe: “linked to increased risks of sleep disorders, metabolic diseases, and certain types of cancer” Thiên nhiên: “affects wildlife migration patterns”, “affecting… natural habitats” Văn hóa: “The loss of visible stars… deprives future generations of this shared heritage” A sai: Quá hẹp; bài nói nhiều tác động khác ngoài thiên văn. C sai: “LED… often emits harsher blue light” → chỉ là một phần nguyên nhân, không phải duy nhất. D sai: Trái với lập luận cảnh báo của tác giả (“ignoring the consequences… could be a costly mistake”). · Passage 2 Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Work As artificial intelligence (AI) systems become more sophisticated, their influence on the global labor market has grown significantly. From predictive analytics in finance to autonomous vehicles in logistics, AI-powered tools are now capable of performing tasks that once required human expertise. Advocates of AI integration emphasize its potential to increase productivity, reduce operational costs, and open entirely new industries. However, these benefits are accompanied by profound social and economic challenges. One concern is the uneven distribution of AI’s advantages. While major corporations and highly skilled workers may thrive, those in repetitive or low-skill jobs face displacement as automation replaces their roles. This raises questions about income inequality, social mobility, and the adequacy of existing safety nets. Proponents argue that reskilling programs and lifelong learning initiatives can mitigate these risks, but critics counter that such measures may be insufficient in the face of rapid technological change. Supporters highlight that AI can enhance decision-making by processing vast datasets far beyond human capacity. They claim this ability enables early detection of market shifts, medical conditions, and security threats. [I] Businesses adopting AI often report improved efficiency and higher customer satisfaction. [II] Furthermore, AI-powered personalization can provide users with highly relevant recommendations, streamlining their choices and reducing cognitive load. [III] Yet these capabilities also come with concerns over transparency, algorithmic bias, and the erosion of human judgment. [IV] Another major challenge is regulatory lag. Legal frameworks often evolve too slowly to address the ethical dilemmas AI presents, including data privacy, accountability for automated decisions, and the potential for surveillance misuse. International efforts to develop guidelines, such as the OECD AI Principles, represent important milestones, but enforcement remains inconsistent and jurisdiction-dependent. As AI systems advance faster than policy can adapt, the gap between what is technologically possible and what is ethically permissible continues to expand. Question 11. The phrase cognitive load in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to: A. The stress caused by conflicting information B. The mental effort required to process information C. The confusion arising from misleading data D. The frustration with poor decision outcomes Giải thích: Cognitive load = lượng nỗ lực tinh thần cần để xử lý thông tin → mental effort required to process information. A. stress caused by conflicting information → sai, không đề cập đến “conflicting” (mâu thuẫn). C. confusion arising from misleading data → sai, không nói dữ liệu gây hiểu lầm. D. frustration with poor decision outcomes → sai, “frustration” khác hoàn toàn với “cognitive load”.
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Question 12. The word these in paragraph 3 refers to: A. benefits of personalization B. improved efficiency and satisfaction C. concerns over transparency, bias, and judgment D. datasets processed by AI Giải thích: “these” xuất hiện ở cuối đoạn 3: “…Yet these capabilities also come with concerns over transparency, algorithmic bias, and the erosion of human judgment.” → “these” = các khả năng của AI được nói trước đó (enhanced decision-making, personalization…), nhưng ở đây gắn liền với những lo ngại nảy sinh từ các khả năng đó. A. benefits of personalization → sai, quá hẹp, chỉ là một phần. B. improved efficiency and satisfaction → sai, không phải điều “these” đang ám chỉ. D. datasets processed by AI → sai, không liên quan. Question 13. According to paragraph 2, why might reskilling programs be insufficient? A. They require too much funding from governments B. They may not keep pace with rapid technological change C. Workers are unwilling to participate in training D. Companies prefer to hire only experienced workers Giải thích: Đoạn 2: “…critics counter that such measures may be insufficient in the face of rapid technological change.” → Ý là tốc độ thay đổi công nghệ quá nhanh khiến các chương trình tái đào tạo không bắt kịp. A. require too much funding → sai, không đề cập chi phí. C. Workers are unwilling → sai, không nói người lao động từ chối. D. Companies prefer to hire only experienced → sai, không có trong bài. Question 14. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a benefit of AI adoption? A. Improved efficiency B. Reduced operational costs C. Creation of new industries D. Guaranteed job security Lợi ích được nêu: improved efficiency, reduced operational costs, creation of new industries, higher satisfaction, personalization… Không có “guaranteed job security” (đảm bảo việc làm). Question 15. Where in paragraph 3 does the following sentence best fit? This commercial appeal has driven industries across multiple sectors to invest heavily in AI infrastructure. A. [I] B. [II] C. [III] D. [IV] Giải thích: Câu: “This commercial appeal has driven industries across multiple sectors to invest heavily in AI infrastructure.” phù hợp nhất ngay sau [II] vì trước đó nói về “Businesses adopting AI often report improved efficiency and higher customer satisfaction” → thêm câu này sẽ nối tiếp hợp lý để giải thích vì sao AI lan rộng.
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Question 16. The word “lag” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to: A. delay B. conflict C. reduction D. boundary Giải thích: Lag = delay (chậm trễ). Trong đoạn 4: “regulatory lag” nghĩa là sự chậm trễ của hệ thống luật pháp so với tốc độ phát triển AI. B. conflict → sai, không nói về xung đột. C. reduction → sai, không phải giảm sút. D. boundary → sai, không phải ranh giới. Question 17. What does the author suggest about the OECD AI Principles? A. They have resolved the major ethical issues in AI B. They are important but unevenly enforced C. They prevent AI from advancing too quickly D. They focus only on surveillance misuse Đoạn 4: “represent important milestones, but enforcement remains inconsistent and jurisdiction-dependent” → có nghĩa là quan trọng nhưng thực thi chưa đồng bộ. A. effective worldwide → sai, vì “jurisdiction-dependent” nghĩa là không áp dụng toàn cầu. C. prevent AI from advancing → sai, không đề cập ngăn AI phát triển. D. fully protect → sai, vì chưa đủ hiệu quả. Question 18. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 2? Proponents argue that reskilling programs and lifelong learning initiatives can mitigate these risks, but critics counter that such measures may be insufficient in the face of rapid technological change. A. Training programs will fully prevent job loss caused by AI B. Job training can help but may not be enough to match AI’s pace C. Critics believe reskilling programs are too costly D. Most workers refuse to join retraining initiatives Câu gốc: “can mitigate these risks, but… may be insufficient in the face of rapid technological change” → nghĩa là “có thể giúp nhưng không đủ để bắt kịp tốc độ AI”. A. fully prevent → sai, vì chỉ nói “mitigate” (giảm thiểu), không phải “prevent” (ngăn chặn hoàn toàn). C. too costly → sai, không nhắc chi phí. D. refuse training → sai, không đề cập. Question 19. What can be inferred from the passage? A. AI development is progressing faster than legal systems can adapt B. Most countries have strict enforcement of AI ethics C. Workers in all sectors benefit equally from AI adoption D. Regulatory bodies have already solved AI privacy concerns Đoạn cuối: “AI systems advance faster than policy can adapt” → rõ ràng AI phát triển nhanh hơn luật pháp → đáp án A. B. strict enforcement → sai, vì thực thi chưa đồng bộ. C. all sectors benefit equally → sai, đoạn 2 nói lợi ích phân bổ không đều. D. privacy solved → sai, vẫn còn vấn đề.
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Question 20. Which of the following best summarises the passage? A. AI has limited applications but significant ethical risks B. The spread of AI offers opportunities and challenges, with regulation struggling to keep pace C. AI primarily threatens low-skilled workers, leaving others unaffected D. International agreements have largely resolved the problems caused by AI Toàn bài: AI mang lại cả cơ hội và thách thức, nhưng luật pháp chưa bắt kịp → B tóm tắt đúng nhất. A. limited applications → sai, bài nêu nhiều ứng dụng. C. only threatens low-skilled → sai, ảnh hưởng cả xã hội. D. agreements resolved → sai, luật pháp chưa giải quyết xong. Passage 3 Memory Enhancement in the Age of Neurotechnology In recent decades, advancements in neuroscience and engineering have converged to produce a new frontier: neurotechnology aimed at improving human memory. While memory training techniques have existed for centuries, modern tools such as brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) and non-invasive brain stimulation offer the possibility of directly influencing neural activity. Proponents argue that these technologies could revolutionize education, assist patients with cognitive impairments, and even enhance the performance of healthy individuals. Critics, however, caution that the implications for privacy, inequality, and long-term safety remain uncertain. One particularly promising avenue is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), which uses magnetic fields to modulate brain activity in targeted regions. [I] In controlled studies, participants receiving TMS have shown improved recall in both short-term and long-term memory tasks. [II] Neural imaging confirms that stimulation can temporarily strengthen connections in the hippocampus, a region critical for forming new memories. [III] Yet these results vary widely between individuals, and some trials report no measurable benefit. [IV] Ethicists have raised concerns about unequal access to neuroenhancement. If expensive technologies become available only to the wealthy, existing educational and professional gaps could widen. Furthermore, there is the question of authenticity: if a person recalls information more vividly because of stimulation, is the memory still entirely their own? These philosophical debates are now intersecting with policy discussions, as governments grapple with how to regulate devices that blur the line between therapy and enhancement. Despite these uncertainties, the commercial interest in neurotechnology is expanding rapidly. Tech companies are investing heavily in wearable brain–monitoring devices, and early consumer products already claim to boost concentration and memory retention. While scientists remain cautious, the push from industry suggests that memory enhancement may soon become as commonplace as fitness tracking, raising profound questions about how society defines normal cognitive ability. Question 21. The word targeted in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to: A. randomized B. focused C. intense D. predictable Giải thích: Targeted = hướng tới, nhắm vào cụ thể → gần nghĩa nhất là focused. A. randomized: ngẫu nhiên C. intense: mạnh mẽ, dữ dội D. predictable: có thể đoán trước Question 22. According to paragraph 1, what is one potential application of neurotechnology? A. Diagnosing rare brain diseases
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B. Improving the performance of healthy individuals C. Teaching artificial intelligence to mimic memory D. Detecting false memories in court cases Dẫn chứng: paragraph 1, “... could revolutionize education, assist patients with cognitive impairments, and even enhance the performance of healthy individuals.” A. Diagnosing rare brain diseases → không nhắc đến. C. Teaching AI → không đề cập. D. Detecting false memories → không đề cập. Question 23. What does the word these in paragraph 2 refer to? A. Magnetic fields B. Controlled studies C. Improved recall results D. Variations in benefits these trong câu “Yet these results vary widely...” → “these results” = kết quả cải thiện trí nhớ ở các nghiên cứu TMS. A. Magnetic fields → sai, chỉ là công cụ. B. Controlled studies → sai, đó là bối cảnh, không phải kết quả. D. Variations in benefits → sai, đây là hệ quả, không phải “these”. Question 24. Where in paragraph 2 does the following sentence best fit? This suggests that artificially boosting hippocampal activity could temporarily mimic the effects of natural learning. A. [I] B. [II] C. [III] D. [IV] Sau [III] là câu “Yet these results vary widely...” → Trước khi nói về kết quả thay đổi, cần dẫn câu bổ sung ý “boosting hippocampal activity... mimic natural learning” → phù hợp nhất là sau mô tả việc kích thích làm mạnh kết nối (III). Question 25. The phrase blur the line in paragraph 3 can best be replaced by: A. clarify distinctions B. eliminate consequences C. weaken boundaries D. improve accuracy Blur the line = làm mờ ranh giới → “weaken boundaries” là gần nghĩa nhất. A. clarify distinctions → làm rõ ranh giới → trái nghĩa. B. eliminate consequences → loại bỏ hậu quả → không liên quan. D. improve accuracy → cải thiện độ chính xác → sai nghĩa. Question 26. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a concern related to neuroenhancement? A. Potential social inequality B. Loss of memory authenticity C. Harm to brain structure from magnetic fields D. Regulatory challenges Đoạn 3 nói đến: bất bình đẳng, tính xác thực, và vấn đề quản lý. Không đề cập đến “harm to brain structure” từ từ trường. Question 27. Which of the following best paraphrases the idea in paragraph 3 about authenticity?
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A. Enhanced memories might not feel entirely genuine B. People can replace old memories with new artificial ones C. Memory stimulation erases the original source of information D. Authenticity is irrelevant if recall accuracy improves Dẫn chứng: “is the memory still entirely their own?” → nghi ngờ tính “thật” của ký ức. B. thay thế ký ức → không đề cập. C. xóa nguồn thông tin gốc → sai. D. authenticity is irrelevant → trái ý. Question 28. What can be inferred from paragraph 4? A. The neurotechnology market is driven more by industry than by science B. Fitness tracking devices and memory devices function identically C. Scientists universally agree on the benefits of memory enhancement D. Consumer demand for neurotechnology is declining Paragraph 4: “commercial interest... expanding rapidly... push from industry... scientists remain cautious” → nghĩa là thị trường được thúc đẩy nhiều bởi ngành công nghiệp, khoa học còn thận trọng. Question 29. The author’s attitude toward neurotechnology can best be described as: A. enthusiastic but wary B. dismissive and skeptical C. indifferent and neutral D. optimistic without reservations Văn bản thể hiện cả sự ủng hộ lẫn sự thận trọng. Ở đoạn 1 tác giả dẫn lập luận của những người ủng hộ: “could revolutionize education, assist patients with cognitive impairments, and even enhance the performance of healthy individuals” - đây là giọng hào hứng với tiềm năng lớn của công nghệ. Nhưng cùng lúc tác giả nêu ngay các cảnh báo: “Critics, however, caution that the implications for privacy, inequality, and long-term safety remain uncertain” và ở đoạn cuối: “scientists remain cautious” - cho thấy thái độ lo ngại/không chủ quan. Tổng hợp: tác giả nhìn thấy lợi ích nhưng cũng nhấn mạnh rủi ro và tranh luận đạo đức, tức là enthusiastic but wary. Question 30. Which statement best summarises the passage? A. Neurotechnology for memory enhancement is fully developed and risk-free B. Advances in brain stimulation offer potential benefits but raise ethical and societal concerns C. Memory improvement should be reserved only for medical patients D. Commercial interest in neurotechnology outweighs any scientific evidence Nội dung toàn bài xoay quanh hai trục chính: (1) tiến bộ công nghệ (ví dụ TMS, BCIs) và các lợi ích khả thi (cải thiện trí nhớ, hỗ trợ bệnh nhân, nâng cao hiệu suất), (2) vấn đề đạo đức và xã hội (bất bình đẳng tiếp cận, tính xác thực của ký ức, quản lý pháp lý). Văn bản cũng đề cập đến sự mở rộng lợi ích thương mại nhưng đặt trong bối cảnh “scientists remain cautious”. Câu tóm tắt B bao hàm cả tiềm năng và các quan ngại đạo đức/xã hội. Passage 4 Biotechnology and the Ethics of Human Enhancement: Navigating the Moral Frontier
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The rapid advance of biotechnology is challenging long-standing assumptions about the boundaries of human potential. Techniques such as CRISPR-based gene editing and neural interface systems promise to eliminate hereditary diseases, augment cognitive abilities, and even extend lifespan. While these developments inspire optimism, they also evoke apprehension. Critics warn that human enhancement may deepen existing inequalities, as access to expensive biotechnologies could be concentrated among the wealthy. Without careful oversight, such advances risk entrenching privilege and redefining social norms in ways that undermine fairness. Historical analogies are instructive. The industrial and digital revolutions each reshaped societies, but their benefits were unevenly distributed. With biotechnology, the stakes are arguably higher: altering the human genome or directly modifying neural processes represents a qualitative shift, not just an economic one. Moral debates intensify when interventions target traits unrelated to health, such as intelligence or appearance. Unlike curing a disease, enhancing a healthy individual forces society to confront questions about authenticity, consent, and the very meaning of human identity. Proponents counter that restricting enhancement could stifle innovation and delay cures for debilitating conditions. They argue that ethical concerns often accompany transformative technologies but can be addressed through regulations that balance safety, access, and innovation. Yet here lies a persistent dilemma: governance structures are typically reactive rather than proactive, and the pace of biotechnology often outstrips the development of coherent legal frameworks. This regulatory lag leaves room for untested applications to reach the public before their societal consequences are fully understood. Governments and international bodies now face an urgent choice: whether to adopt precautionary policies that slow the deployment of enhancement technologies or to embrace rapid adoption while managing risks in real time. Proposals range from global treaties on genetic manipulation to decentralized guidelines allowing local adaptation. Disagreements remain over which ethical principles should take precedence - autonomy, equality, or collective welfare. What is clear is that inaction is untenable; the trajectory of human enhancement will be shaped not only by scientific possibility but by the moral compass society chooses to follow. Question 31.The word entrenching in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to: A. Challenging B. Strengthening C. Concealing D. Removing Entrenching = làm cho điều gì đó trở nên bền vững, khó thay đổi. Trong ngữ cảnh “risk entrenching privilege” → làm cho đặc quyền (privilege) trở nên cố định, khó bị thay đổi. A (Challenging) = thách thức → trái nghĩa. C (Concealing) = che giấu → không phù hợp. D (Removing) = loại bỏ → trái nghĩa. Question 32. According to paragraph 2, what makes biotechnology’s potential impact different from earlier technological shifts? A. It primarily affects economic productivity. B. It alters human biology in a fundamental way. C. It produces more immediate financial inequality. D. It eliminates the need for digital infrastructure. Đoạn 2: “altering the human genome or directly modifying neural processes represents a qualitative shift, not just an economic one” → thay đổi sinh học con người ở mức bản chất, khác với các thay đổi kinh tế đơn thuần trong các cuộc cách mạng công nghệ trước. Question 33.What does the author imply about enhancement for non-medical purposes in paragraph 2?
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A. It raises unique ethical issues beyond health benefits. B. It is widely accepted in most societies. C. It offers the clearest path to equality. D. It is less controversial than disease treatment. Đoạn 2: Nói rằng tăng cường cho người khỏe mạnh (“enhancing a healthy individual”) đặt ra câu hỏi về “authenticity, consent, and the very meaning of human identity” → đây là các vấn đề đạo đức vượt ra ngoài việc chữa bệnh. Question 34. In paragraph 3, the phrase here lies a persistent dilemma most likely introduces: A. A contradiction between technological speed and policy pace. B. Evidence supporting unrestricted biotechnology use. C. A solution already agreed upon by all stakeholders. D. A historical example of policy success. Đoạn 3: “governance structures are typically reactive rather than proactive, and the pace of biotechnology often outstrips the development of coherent legal frameworks” → mâu thuẫn giữa tốc độ phát triển công nghệ và tốc độ ban hành chính sách. Question 35. The word coherent in paragraph 3 most nearly means: A. Logical and consistent B. Rare and valuable C. Incomplete or partial D. Widely accepted Coherent = mạch lạc, logic, nhất quán → mô tả “legal frameworks” hợp lý, dễ hiểu, thống nhất. Question 36. Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 4? A. Policymakers have already reached consensus on regulation. B. The ethical debate is secondary to technical feasibility. C. Future outcomes will depend on collective moral choices. D. Global treaties have resolved most controversies. Đoạn 4 kết thúc: “the trajectory of human enhancement will be shaped… by the moral compass society chooses to follow” → kết quả tương lai phụ thuộc vào định hướng đạo đức chung. Question 37. What can be inferred from the passage about governance structures for biotechnology? A. They are often slower to develop than the technologies themselves. B. They universally prioritize public welfare over innovation. C. They discourage public participation in decision-making. D. They rely entirely on local guidelines without international input. Đoạn 3: tốc độ công nghệ vượt trước khung pháp lý (pace of biotechnology… outstrips development of coherent legal frameworks). Question 38. Which of the following best describes the author’s tone toward biotechnology? A. Alarmist and hostile B. Balanced and cautiously analytical C. Indifferent and detached D. Fully optimistic and celebratory
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Tác giả trình bày cả mặt tích cực và tiêu cực của công nghệ sinh học, không thái quá (A), không thờ ơ (C), không hoàn toàn lạc quan (D). Question 39. The phrase inaction is untenable in the final paragraph implies: A. Current conditions are sustainable without intervention. B. No changes to policy are needed. C. Doing nothing will lead to unacceptable outcomes. D. The technology will develop slowly enough for natural adjustment. “Inaction is untenable” = không thể chấp nhận được việc không hành động → nếu không làm gì sẽ dẫn tới hậu quả nghiêm trọng. Question 40. Where would the following sentence best fit in the passage? "These benefits, however, rarely accrue evenly across regions or populations." A. [I] B. [II] C. [III] D. [IV] Câu này (“These benefits, however, rarely accrue evenly…”) phù hợp sau câu đầu đoạn 2: “The industrial and digital revolutions each reshaped societies, but their benefits were unevenly distributed.” → câu bổ sung này làm rõ sự phân bố lợi ích không đều. II. Writing Task 1: You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. You received an email from your friend Daniel, who is planning to visit your country in the winter. He wants to experience unique seasonal events and try some winter sports. He asked for your recommendations and advice on preparation. Write an email to Daniel. In your email: - Recommend some winter festivals or seasonal attractions - Suggest some sports or activities he could try - Give advice on what clothes or equipment to bring You should write at least 150 words. Sample Answer: Hi Daniel, I am so excited to know you will be visiting Vietnam this winter. It is not the typical snowy season you might imagine, but it has its own charm and plenty of unique activities. If you want to enjoy seasonal events, you should visit Sapa in the northern mountains. During this time, the misty landscapes are magical, and sometimes there is light snow on the highest peaks. You could also travel to Hanoi to experience the Tet markets if your trip is close to Lunar New Year. The streets will be full of colourful decorations, traditional food, and live performances. For outdoor activities, trekking through rice terraces in Sapa or cycling around Moc Chau Plateau are great choices. If you are lucky with the weather, you can also try camping in Ba Be National Park and enjoy the peaceful scenery. Since the northern winter can be quite cold, especially in the mountains, I recommend bringing a thick jacket, warm sweaters, gloves, and comfortable walking shoes. A raincoat or waterproof layer will also be useful because light showers are common. I cannot wait to show you around when you arrive. You will have an unforgettable time here. Best wishes, [Your Name] Task 2: You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
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Read the following topic: Some people believe that space exploration is a waste of money because there are more urgent problems to solve on Earth. Others think that investing in space research brings important benefits for humanity. Write an essay to express your point of view. Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Write at least 250 words. Sample Answer: The value of space exploration has been debated for decades. While many believe that the large sums of money spent on space programs should be directed toward urgent issues such as poverty, education, and healthcare, I hold the view that space research brings significant benefits that justify continued investment. One key advantage of space exploration is the development of technologies that improve life on Earth. GPS navigation, accurate weather forecasting, and advanced medical imaging are all innovations that originated from space research. These technologies do not only make daily life more convenient but also help solve serious global problems, from disaster prevention to agricultural planning. Another reason to support space investment is the long-term survival of humanity. Our planet faces finite resources and potential threats such as asteroid impacts or severe climate change. Exploring and preparing for life beyond Earth gives future generations a safety option in case our planet becomes uninhabitable. Admittedly, there are pressing social and environmental challenges that need immediate funding. However, allocating resources to space exploration does not necessarily mean neglecting these issues. Governments can balance budgets to address both urgent needs and future goals. Moreover, space projects inspire scientific curiosity and international cooperation, which in turn contribute to solving problems on Earth. In conclusion, while it is essential to address urgent problems, the benefits of space exploration in advancing technology, expanding knowledge, and safeguarding the future make it a worthwhile investment. Sustainable progress requires both immediate action and visionary planning.
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