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Program Authors Dr. Dorothy J. T. Terman Dr. Jay K. Hackett Science Curriculum Development Consultant Professor Emeritus of Earth Sciences Former K–12 Science and Mathematics Coordinator University of Northern Colorado Irvine Unified School District, CA Greeley, CO Irvine, CA Dr. Richard H. Moyer Dr. Gerald F. Wheeler Professor of Science Education and Executive Director Natural Sciences National Science Teachers Association University of Michigan–Dearborn Bank Street College of Education Dearborn, MI New York, NY Dr. JoAnne Vasquez Contributing Authors Elementary Science Education Consultant NSTA Past President Dr. Sally Ride Member, National Science Board Sally Ride Science and NASA Education Board San Diego, CA Mulugheta Teferi, M.A. Lucille Villegas Barrera, M.Ed. Principal, Gateway Middle School Elementary Science Supervisor Center of Math, Science, and Technology Houston Independent School District St. Louis Public Schools Houston, TX St. Louis, MO American Museum Dinah Zike, M.Ed. of Natural History Dinah Might Adventures LP New York, NY San Antonio, TX Contributing Writer Kathryn LeRoy, M.S. Ellen C. Grace, M.S. Executive Director Division of Mathematics and Science Education Consultant Miami-Dade County Public Schools, FL Albuquerque, NM Miami, FL Students with print disabilities may be eligible to obtain an accessible, audio version of the pupil edition of this textbook. Please call Recording for the Blind & Dyslexic at 1-800-221-4792 for complete information. A Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without prior permission of the publisher. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240-4027 ISBN: 978-0-02-287195-6 MHID: 0-02-287195-0 Printed in the United States of America. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (110/043) 11 10 09 08 07 ii
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Content Consultants Editorial Advisory Board Paul R. Haberstroh, Ph.D. Cathy Constance Mary Ellen Murray Mohave Community College Science Coordinator Science Curriculum Coordinator Lake Havasu City, AZ Youngstown City Schools Parma City Schools Timothy Long Youngstown, OH Parma, OH School of Earth and Atmospheric Kevin Cornell Kevin Stinson Sciences Teacher Science Manager, K-12 Georgia Institute of Technology Menlo Park Elementary Cincinnati City Schools Atlanta, GA Huber Heights City Schools Cincinnati, OH Rick MacPherson, Ph.D. Huber Heights, OH Elizabeth Voit Program Director Carolyn Day K-5 Science Curriculum Coordinator The Coral Reef Alliance Director of School Improvement Cleveland Municipal Schools San Francisco, CA Past Science and Math Supervisor Cleveland, OH Hector Córdova Mireles, Ph.D. Dayton Public Schools Tracie Walsh Dayton, OH Physics Department Teacher California State Chris Doolittle Oakview Elementary Polytechnic University Science Resources Kettering City Schools Pomona, CA Westerville City Schools Kettering, OH Charlotte A. Otto, Ph.D. Westerville, OH Deb Wickerham Department of Natural Sciences Jim Hooper Teacher University of Michigan-Dearborn Science Curriculum Leader Findlay City Schools Dearborn, MI Vandalia-Butler City Scools Findlay, OH Paul Zitzewitz, Ph.D. Vandalia, OH Jeff Winslow Department of Natural Sciences James Lay Science Supervisor University of Michigan-Dearborn Teacher Talawanda Schools Dearborn, MI Dayton Public Schools Oxford, OH Dayton, OH Missi Zender, Ph.D. Chris Moore-Goad Science Resource Specialist Math and Science Specialist Summit County ESC Kettering City Schools Cuyahoga Falls, OH Kettering, OH The American Museum of Natural History in New York City is one of the world’s preeminent scientific, educational, and cultural institutions, with a global mission to explore and interpret human cultures and the natural world through scientific research, education, and exhibitions. Each year the Museum welcomes around four million visitors, including 500,000 schoolchildren in organized field trips. It provides professional development activities for thousands of teachers; hundreds of public programs that serve audiences ranging from preschoolers to seniors; and an array of learning and teaching resources for use in homes, schools, and community-based settings. Visit www.amnh.org for online resources. is a trademark of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. iii
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Science Skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Observe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Compare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Classify . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Measure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Put Things in Order. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Record Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Make a Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Communicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Infer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Predict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Investigate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Draw Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Scientific Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Observe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Ask a Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Make a Prediction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Make a Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Follow the Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Record the Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Try the Plan Again . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Draw a Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 The Design Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Safety Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 iv
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Ohio: A Closer Look. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 East Fork State Park • Scioto Trail State Park CHAPTER 1 Plants Are Living Things. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Lesson 1 Learning About Living Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Reading in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Lesson 2 Parts of Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 • Writing in Science • Math in Science . . . . . . 40 Lesson 3 Different Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 • Writing in Science • Math in Science . . . . . . 48 Lesson 4 Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 • Focus on Skills: Classify . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 I Read to Review My Plant Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 vi
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CHAPTER 2 All About Animals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Lesson 1 All Kinds of Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 • Focus on Skills: Compare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Lesson 2 What Animals Need to Live . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 • Writing in Science • Math in Science . . . . . . 82 Lesson 3 How Animals Eat Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 • Be a Scientist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 I Read to Review My Animal Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Unit Literature Giraffes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Careers in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 vii
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Ohio: A Closer Look. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Holden Arboretum • Alum Creek State Park CHAPTER 3 Looking At Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Lesson 1 What Earth Looks Like . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 • Focus on Skills: Make A Model . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Lesson 2 Rocks and Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Reading in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Lesson 3 Changing the Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 • Writing in Science • Math in Science . . . . . 134 I Read to Review My Earth Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 CHAPTER 4 Caring for Earth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142 Lesson 1 Earth’s Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 • Focus on Skills: Investigate . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Lesson 2 Using Earth’s Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Reading in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Lesson 3 Saving Earth’s Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 • Writing in Science • Math in Science . . . . . 168 I Read to Review My Resources Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 viii
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CHAPTER 5 Seasons and Living Things. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Lesson 1 Spring and Summer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Reading In Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Lesson 2 Fall and Winter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 • Writing in Science • Math in Science . . . . . 192 I Read to Review My Seasons Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Unit Literature Weather and Animals. . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Careers in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 ix
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Ohio: A Closer Look. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Dayton Air Show • Great Lakes Science Center CHAPTER 6 Matter Everywhere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Lesson 1 Describing Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Reading in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Lesson 2 Matter Can Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 • Focus on Skills: Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Lesson 3 Making Mixtures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 • Writing in Science • Math in Science . . . . . 230 Lesson 4 Heat Can Change Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 • Be a Scientist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 I Read to Review My Mixtures Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 x
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CHAPTER 7 Motion and Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Lesson 1 Position and Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 • Focus on Skills: Infer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Lesson 2 Pushes and Pulls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 • Be a Scientist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 Lesson 3 Magnets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 • Writing in Science • Math in Science . . . . . 270 Lesson 4 Energy and Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 • Focus on Skills: Draw Conclusions. . . . . . . . 278 Lesson 5 Electricity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 • Writing in Science • Math in Science . . . . . 284 I Read to Review My Motion Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 Unit Literature For A Quick Exit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 Careers in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 xi
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Life Sciences CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 Explore Activities Explore Activities What is living and nonliving? . . . .27 What are some different kinds of animals? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 What are the parts of a plant? . . .35 How do animals get what they How are plants different? . . . . . . .43 need to live? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 How can you classify seeds? . . . . . 51 How do teeth help you eat Quick Labs different foods? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 Living and Nonliving Things . . . . .29 Quick Labs How Stems Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 Animal Guessing Game . . . . . . . . . 71 Plant Parts We Eat . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 Comparing Animal Parts . . . . . . . . 81 Inside a Lima Bean . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 What First Graders Like to Eat. . . .89 xii
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Be a Scientist investigations and Focus on Skills skill builders are found in the Activities Flipchart. Earth and Space Sciences CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 5 Explore Activities Explore Activities What can an island look like? . . . 109 Do seeds grow faster when it is warm or cold? . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 How can you classify rocks? . . . . .119 How do sweaters keep How can water break rock? . . . . 127 us warm?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Quick Labs Quick Labs Water Near You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112 Clothes for All Seasons . . . . . . . . .181 Hard and Soft Rocks. . . . . . . . . . . .121 Leaves in Different Seasons. . . . . 189 Sand Erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 CHAPTER 4 Explore Activities What things are made from plants or animals?. . . . . . . . 145 When do you use water every day?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 What happens to plastic when you throw it away? . . . . . . 163 Quick Labs Soil as a Home for Animals . . . . . 150 Blowing in the Wind . . . . . . . . . . 158 Use It Again . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 xiii
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Physical Sciences CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 7 Explore Activities Explore Activities How can you compare How do you know objects?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211 something moved? . . . . . . . . . . . 249 How can you change How can you make some solids? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 something move?. . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Can you take a mixture apart? . . 225 What will a magnet pull? . . . . . . 265 How can heat change ice? . . . . . 233 How can heat change things?. . . 273 Quick Labs What do some things need to work? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Describing Classroom Objects . . . 213 Paper in the Sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Quick Labs Changing the Way Objects That Float or Sink . . . . . . 227 a Ball Moves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Mass of Water and Ice. . . . . . . . . 235 Sliding a Checker Piece . . . . . . . . 260 A Magnet’s Strength . . . . . . . . . . 268 Using the Sun’s Energy . . . . . . . . 275 Using Electricity in School . . . . . . 283 xiv
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Some turtles can live to be 100 years old! SI-A. Ask a testable question. SI-B. Design and conduct a simple investigation to explore a question. SI-C. Gather and communicate information from careful observations and simple investigation through a variety of methods.
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Have you ever wondered about animals? Scientists wonder about things in our world, too. 22 SWK-2. Demonstrate good explanations based on evidence from SCIENCE SKILLSSCIENCE SKILLS investigations and observations.
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What do you notice about these animals? What to Do Look at the animals on this page. How are the animals alike? How are they different? Put the animals into groups. Tell a classmate why you put the animals in each group. Explore More Think of other animals that you could add to your groups. 33 SI-8. Use oral, written and pictorial representation to communicate work. SCIENCE SKILLSSCIENCE SKILLS
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What do scientists do? You observed animals to see what they were like. Scientists observe things, too. You can be a scientist! When you observe something, you carefully look, hear, taste, touch, or smell it. Observe What can you observe about these animals? dog fish bird butterfly 44 SCIENCE SKILLSSCIENCE SKILLS
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Scientists can compare and classify animals to learn more about them. Compare means to see how things are alike or different. Classify means to group things by how they are alike. Compare and Classify Sort these animals into groups. koala flamingo ladybug snake 55 SCIENCE SKILLSSCIENCE SKILLS
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