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Program Authors Dr. Dorothy J. T. Terman Dr. Jay K. Hackett Science Curriculum Development Consultant Professor Emeritus of Earth Sciences Former K–12 Science and Mathematics Coordinator University of Northern Colorado Irvine Unified School District, CA Dr. Richard H. Moyer Dr. Gerald F. Wheeler Professor of Science Education and Natural Executive Director Sciences National Science Teachers Association University of Michigan–Dearborn Bank Street College of Education Dr. JoAnne Vasquez New York, NY Elementary Science Education Consultant Contributing Authors NSTA Past President Member, National Science Board Dr. Sally Ride and NASA Education Board Sally Ride Science Mulugheta Teferi, M.A. San Diego, CA Principal, Gateway Middle School Lucille Villegas Barrera, M.Ed. St. Louis Public Schools Elementary Science Supervisor St. Louis, MO Houston Independent School District Dinah Zike, M.Ed. Houston, TX Dinah Might Adventures LP Dr. Stephen F. Cunha San Antonio, TX Professor of Geography Kathryn LeRoy, M.S. Humboldt State University Arcata, CA Executive Director Division of Mathematics and Science Education Miami-Dade County Public Schools, FL Students with print disabilities may be eligible to obtain an accessible, audio version of the pupil edition of this textbook. Please call Recording for the Blind & Dyslexic at 1-800-221-4792 for complete information. A Published by Macmillan/McGraw-Hill, of McGraw-Hill Education, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Two Penn Plaza, New York, New York 10121. Copyright © 2008 by Macmillan/McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, network storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. is a trademark of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Printed in the United States of America ISBN 0-02-284375-2/1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (071/055) 10 09 08 07 06
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Content Joy Peoples Kathy Jones Dennis Hatland Consultants Riverside USD Chico USD Abraham Lincoln Elizabeth Ramsey Nancy Maguire Elementary Rick MacPherson, Ph.D. Simi Valley USD Bel Air Elementary Westpark Elementary Program Director Simi Valley, CA Andrew Rodarte Irvine, CA The Coral Reef Alliance Joanne Hemmings San Francisco, CA Easterby Elementary Bettina Pierce La Veta Elementary Fresno USD Elementary Science Bonnie J. Brunkhorst, Orange USD Rhonda Simard Specialist Ph.D. Orange, CA Irvine USD Department of Franklin Elementary Christina Lambie Geological Sciences, Franklin USD Vince Sipkovich Highland Elementary California State University Jeri Starkweather Educator/Science West Contra Costa USD San Bernadino, CA Consultant/Writer Calwa Elementary Richmond, CA Huntington Beach, CA Hector Córdova Fresno USD Alice Moomjean Mireles, Ph.D. Lauri Talbott Melissa Smith Cortada Elementary Physics Department Canyon Lake Middle Carr Elementary El Monte USD California State School Torrance USD El Monte, CA Polytechnic University Lake Elsinore USD Pomona, CA Dawn Vollmar Judith Sydner-Gordon Michelle Orgon Foulks Ranch Elementary Needham Intermediate Editorial Elk Grove USD Canfield Elementary Lodi USD School Advisory Board Lindsay Waterman Los Angeles, CA Lodi, CA Gus Dalis, Ed.D. Alamo Elementary Jennifer Weibert Sue Parsons Education Consultant Sandra S. Wilbur Richard Bard Elementary Navelencia Middle School Torrance, CA Hueneme USD Chaparral Elementary Reedley, CA Pt. Hueneme, CA Debbie Drab Capistrano USD Susan Zwiep Long Beach USD Janet Yamaguchi Sharon Pendola Associate Professor St. Alban’s Country Day Carolyn Fong Discovery Science Center Science Education School Los Angeles USD Santa Ana, CA Cal State University Roseville, CA Task Force Long Beach Joyce Garcia Lisa Robinson La Seda Elementary Diane Carnahan Teacher Marengo Elementary Rowland USD K–12 Alliance/WestEd Reviewers South Pasedena USD Nancy Howe South Pasedena, CA David M. Harris Vicky Ann Buckley Martin Luther King Escondido USD Roberta Sanchez Academy U.S. Grant Elementary Lindberg Schweitzer Alisal USD Michael Harris Colton Joint USD Elementary Chico USD Colton, CA Linda D. King San Diego USD Principal, Muscoy Helen Logan Hays Naomi Griswold San Diego, CA Elementary K-8 Teacher (retired) Rio Hondo Elementary San Bernadino City USD Ukiah USD Downey USD Coffee Creek Elementary Downey, CA Karen Kohn School District Bret Harrison Las Virgenes USD Carmel USD Frank Ledesma Donna Lowe Scott Hays Elementary Cherryland Elementary K-8 Teacher (retired) Soledad USD Hayward USD Coffee Creek Elementary Soledad, CA Jerrie Martin Washington Union NBCT School District Los Angeles USD Carmel USD iii
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What Is Science?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Inquiry Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Observe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Predict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Communicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Measure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Put Things in Order. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Compare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Classify . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Scientific Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Observe and Ask a Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Make a Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Follow the Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Record Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Try the Plan Again . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Draw a Conclusion and Communicate . . . . . . . . . . . 18 These children are using the scientific method. C v
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CHAPTER 1 Plants and Their Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Poem: Tommy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Lesson 1 Plants Everywhere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Inquiry Skill Builder: Observe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Lesson 2 What Plants Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Reading in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Inquiry Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Lesson 3 Parts of Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Writing in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Math in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 My Plant Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Chapter Review and Test Practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 CHAPTER 2 Animals and Their Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Poem: Giraffes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Lesson 1 Animals Everywhere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Inquiry Skill Builder: Compare. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Lesson 2 What Animals Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Writing in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Math in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Lesson 3 How Animals Get Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Inquiry Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Reading in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 My Animal Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Chapter Review and Test Practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 vi
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CHAPTER 3 Plants and Animals Together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Poem: To Be a Clover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Lesson 1 Land Habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Inquiry Skill Builder: Communicate . . . . . . . . 1 1 0 Lesson 2 Water Habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 2 Reading in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 8 Lesson 3 Plants and Animals Need Each Other . . . . . . 120 Inquiry Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Lesson 4 Food Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Writing in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Math in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Plants and Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Chapter Review and Test Practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Insect-Eating Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Careers in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 B zebra with oxpecker vii
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CHAPTER 4 Weather. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Poem: Sudden Storm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Lesson 1 Describe Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Inquiry Skill Builder: Predict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Lesson 2 The Warmth of the Sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Writing in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Math in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Lesson 3 Measure Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Inquiry Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Reading in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 My Weather Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Chapter Review and Test Practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 weather tools viii
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CHAPTER 5 Seasons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Poem: Sunflakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9 2 Lesson 1 Winter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Inquiry Skill Builder: Record Data . . . . . . . . . 200 Lesson 2 Spring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Reading in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Lesson 3 Summer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 0 Writing in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 6 Math in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 7 Lesson 4 Fall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 8 Inquiry Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 My Seasons Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Chapter Review and Test Practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Weather and Wild Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Careers in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 B aspens in fall ix
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CHAPTER 6 Solids, Liquids, and Gases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Poem: Our World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 Lesson 1 Describing Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Inquiry Skill Builder: Measure. . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Lesson 2 Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Writing in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Math in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Lesson 3 Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Inquiry Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Lesson 4 Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Reading in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Matter Matters! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Chapter Review and Test Practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 A toy bear is solid matter. C x
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CHAPTER 7 Changing Solids, Liquids, and Gases . . . . . . . . 286 Poem: Popcorn Hop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 Lesson 1 Heating Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 Inquiry Skill Builder: Put Things in Order. . . . 296 Lesson 2 Cooling Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 Reading in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 Lesson 3 Mixing Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 Writing in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 2 Math in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 3 Inquiry Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 4 Mix It Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 6 Chapter Review and Test Practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 Where in the World Is Water? . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 Careers in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 water boiling C xi
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Life Science CHAPTER 1 Inquiry Skill Builder Explore Activities Compare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 How are plants different? . . . . . . 25 Inquiry Investigation What happens if a plant does not What do animals eat? . . . . . . . . . 86 get water?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Why does grass need roots? . . . . 43 CHAPTER 3 Explore Activities Inquiry Skill Builder What kinds of plants and animals Observe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 live together? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Inquiry Investigation How do plants and animals live in water? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Do leaves need sunlight to stay green? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 Why do plants and animals live together? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 CHAPTER 2 Explore Activities What do animals eat? . . . . . . . . 129 What are some different kinds of Inquiry Skill Builder animals? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Communicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 What do worms need?. . . . . . . . . 73 Inquiry Investigation How do teeth help you eat How do animals need plants to different foods? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 survive? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 xii
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Earth Science CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 5 Explore Activities Explore Activities What is today’s weather? . . . . . 155 What is winter weather like in different places? . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 What will the Sun do? . . . . . . . . 163 What do seeds need What is the temperature outside to sprout? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 today? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Which does the Sun warm Inquiry Skill Builder more? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Predict. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 How do leaves change in the Inquiry Investigation seasons? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 What is the weather like this Inquiry Skill Builder week? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Record Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Inquiry Investigation How many hours of sunlight are there in a day? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 These children are using a rain gauge. C xiii
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Physical Science CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 7 Explore Activities Explore Activities How can you describe an How can heat change water? . . 291 object? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 How does cooling change What are some properties of a liquid? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 solids? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 What happens to salt What are the properties of a in water? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 liquid? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Inquiry Skill Builder What is in the cup? . . . . . . . . . . 269 Put Things in Order . . . . . . . . . . 296 Inquiry Skill Builder Inquiry Investigation Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 What happens when you mix Inquiry Investigation baking soda and vinegar? . . . . . 314 Which liquid flows the fastest? 266 A balance scale can be used to measure mass. C xiv
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Science Content Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 Science Handbook Recycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 Clean Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Care of Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 Care of Animals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 Use a Bar Graph. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 How to Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 Measure in Centimeters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 Measure in Inches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 Use a Measuring Cup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 Use a Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 Use a Scale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 Use a Thermometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 Use Weather Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 Use a Clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 Use a Hand Lens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 Use a Computer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .351 D These children are using thermometers. xv
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When you see Be Careful, follow the safety rules. Tell your teacher about accidents and spills right away. Be careful with sharp objects and glass. Wear goggles when you are told to. Wash your hands after each activity. Keep your workplace neat. Clean up when you are done. xvi
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What Is Science? Have you ever wondered about things you see? If you have, then you are a scientist! Science is a way of asking questions about the world. 22
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Investigation and Experimentation 4. Scientific progress is made by asking meaningful questions and conducting careful investigations. As a basis for understanding this concept and addressing the content in the other three strands, students should develop their own questions and perform investigations. Students will: a. Draw pictures that portray some features of the thing being described. b. Record observations and data with pictures, numbers, or written statements. c. Record observations on a bar graph. d. Describe the relative position of objects by using two references (e.g., above and next to, below and left of). e. Make new observations when discrepancies exist between two descriptions of the same object or phenomenon. 3
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