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Copyright © by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be addressed to School Permissions and Copyrights, Harcourt, Inc., 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 32887-6777. Fax: 407-345-2418. HARCOURT and the Harcourt Logo are trademarks of Harcourt, Inc., registered in the United States of America and/or other jurisdictions. Printed in the United States of America ISBN-13: 978-0-15-349168-9 ISBN-10: 0-15-349168-X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 179 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 If you have received these materials as examination copies free of charge, Harcourt School Publishers retains title to the materials and they may not be resold. Resale of examination copies is strictly prohibited and is illegal. Possession of this publication in print format does not entitle users to convert this publication, or any portion of it, into electronic format.
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Patterns in the Sky Lessons 3–4 Lesson 3 What Patterns Do Stars Follow? . . . . . . . . 2 Lesson 4 Why Does the Shape of the Moon Seem to Change?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Visit The Learning Site! www.harcourtschool.com
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33 WhatWhat VOCABULARY PatternsPatterns star constellationmagnify Do StarsDo Stars Follow?Follow? When you look up in the night sky, you can see stars. They are very far away. 2
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If you connect this group of stars in the sky, you can make a picture of a bear. The stars that you connect form a constellation. When you magnify something, you make it seem larger. The person is using a hand lens to magnify the apple. 3
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READING FOCUS SKILL MAIN IDEA AND DETAILS The main idea is what the text is mostly about. Details tell more about the main idea. The main idea is that stars seem to move. Look for details about why stars seem to move. Stars Appear to Move A star is a ball of hot, glowing gases that gives off energy. You can see stars at night as white dots in the sky. Those dots are really hot gases that give off light. During the day, the sun seems to move across the sky. At night, the stars seem to move, too. This is because Earth rotates. 7:00 P.M. 10:00 P.M. A The student watches the stars at different times at night. They seem to move across the sky. 4
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The stars you see at different times of the night are not the same. You see different stars because Earth is rotating. 5:00 A.M. 10:00 P.M. The patterns of stars we see in the sky do not change. The Big Dipper is a pattern of stars in the sky. It always looks the same. But it is not always in the same place in the sky. Since Earth is rotating, the stars look as if they are moving. What is a star? 5
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Star Patterns and the Seasons A group of stars that make a pattern is a constellation. Constellations can look like the outline of an animal, a person, or an object. Long ago, people gave names to these constellations. The Great Bear is a constellation. spring summer fall winter We see different constellations in different seasons. 6
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Summer in California Winter in California The stars you can see depends on where Earth is in its trip around the sun. As Earth orbits the sun, the seasons change. You can see different stars each season. Why do we see different star patterns in different seasons? 7
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Telescopes Help Us Observe Stars Scientists and other people use telescopes to see the stars. Telescopes help us see things that are very far away. You can see more stars through a telescope than if you were just looking up at the sky. A telescope will magnify the stars, or make them look larger. Telescopes help scientists study stars, planets, and other objects in the sky. On Earth, there are many very large telescopes. They are used to see details of objects in space. Scientists use them to learn more about the solar system. What can we see with a telescope that we can’t see with our eyes alone? 8
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Scientists today use these very large telescopes. ReviewReview Fill in the blank to tell the main idea about stars. 1. The ______ appear to move because Earth is rotating. Fill in the blanks with details about observing stars. 2. We see different star patterns in ______ and winter. 3. A ______ is a group of stars that look like a certain pattern. 4. A ______ helps us observe stars. 9
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444 Why DoesWhy Does VOCABULARY the Shapethe Shape moon phases full moonnew moon of the Moonof the Moon Seem toSeem to Change?Change? The moon seems to have different shapes as it orbits Earth. The different shapes are called moon phases. 10
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You see a full moon when the moon looks like a circle. When the whole moon looks dark, it is a new moon. The lighted half of the moon cannot be seen from Earth. 11
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READING FOCUS SKILL SEQUENCE When you sequence things, you put them in order. See if you can follow the sequence of moon phases. The Moon and Earth Earth has only one moon. The moon is moving, just as Earth is. It rotates on its axis and it orbits Earth. The moon takes about one month to orbit Earth. The moon seems to move across the sky, just as the stars and the sun do. This happens because of Earth’s rotation. What happens after the moon rises in the east? 12
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The Moon Seems to Change Shape The moon does not make light. The light you see when you look at the moon is from the sun. Light from the sun reflects off the moon. Light from the sun is always hitting one half of the moon. The moon looks like a circle when you can see all of the lit half. You can’t always see the side that is lit. The moon does not look like a circle when you can’t see all of the lit side. The moon’s shape seems to change because the moon orbits Earth. Every night the moon is at a different place in its path around Earth. The moon looks different at each place in the path. What happens when light from the sun hits the moon? 13
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Phases of the Moon The different shapes the moon seems to have are called moon phases. Actually, the moon does not change shape. The moon is moving around Earth. From Earth, you see the shape of the moon that is lit by the sun. This shape changes as the moon orbits Earth. New Moon The moon’s phases happen over and over. This repeats every four weeks. Full Moon 14
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When the moon looks like a full circle, it is called a full moon. Then the part that you can see starts waning. This means that the moon seems to be getting smaller. In time, you cannot see the moon at all. The lit half faces away from Earth. This phase is called the new moon. Next, the moon starts waxing. The lit part seems to get larger until it is a full circle. The moon does the same thing again and again. What happens after a full The calendar shows moon? the different phases of the moon. ReviewReview Complete these sequence statements. 1. Light from the ______ reflects off the moon. 2. The ______ ______ changes as the moon orbits Earth. Fill in the missing term. 3. A ______ ______ looks like a complete circle. 4. You can’t always see the ______ half of the moon. 15
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GLOSSARY constellation (kahn•stuh•LAY•shuhn) A group of stars that looks like the shape of an animal, a person, or an object full moon (FUHL MOON) The moon phase in which the moon looks like a circle magnify (MAG•nuh•fy) To make an object seem larger moon phases (MOON FAYZ•uhz) The different shapes the moon seems to have new moon (NOO MOON) The moon phase in which the lighted half of the moon cannot be seen from Earth star (STAR) A huge ball of hot, glowing gases that gives off energy 16
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Think About the Reading 1.What can you do to help you remember what you have learned in this book? 2.What questions do you have after reading this book? How can you find the answers? Hands-On Activity On a clear night, go outside with an adult. See if he or she can point out a constellation for you. Also, notice the shape of the moon. Record what you observe. Try to do this once a week for three weeks at the same time. School-Home Connection Explain to your family that you are learning about phases of the moon. Look around your home for a calendar that shows the phases of the moon each day or week. With an adult, observe the moon on as many nights as you can. Does the calendar correctly predict the moon’s shapes?
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