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Math Concept Reader A Trip to the Pond by Linda Bussell Copyright © Gareth Stevens, Inc. All rights reserved. Developed for Harcourt, Inc., by Gareth Stevens, Inc. This edition published by Harcourt, Inc., by agreement with Gareth Stevens, Inc. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright holder. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be addressed to Permissions Department, Gareth Stevens, Inc., 330 West Olive Street, Suite 100, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53212. Fax: 414-332-3567. HARCOURT and the Harcourt Logo are trademarks of Harcourt, Inc., registered in the United States of America and/or other jurisdictions. Printed in the United States of America ISBN 13: 978-0-15-360186-6 ISBN 10: 0-15-360186-8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 179 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07
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Chapter 1: A Field Trip Ms. Tosh’s classroom buzzes with news. Her students are going on a field trip! Ms. Tosh says they will visit the local pond and the area around it. The students will look for different plants and insects that live at the pond. They will pretend they are scientists and observe the insects in their habitats. The habitats include the pond, the soil, milkweed plants, other wildflowers, and nearby trees. They will use their science journals to record what they see, and then they will write reports about their findings to share with the class.
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Ms. Tosh holds up her field guide for the class to see. “This field guide is a book about insects that live near the pond,” she says. She opens the book and shows the class what it looks like inside. “It has pictures and information about the insects and their habitats. The field guide includes measurements. It shows the size of many insects and has information about the plants in the area, too.” Ms. Tosh says students will work in pairs and use field guides to find and identify the insects. Students will use field guides to learn about the insects they see on their field trip. FIELD GUIDE Hickory Horned Devil About 10 cm long
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Chapter 2: At the Pond Today is the field trip. The students brought their science journals to record what they see. Ms. Tosh has field guides as well as colored pencils so the students can draw pictures of insects they spot. Ms. Tosh says the students will look for colors and markings to help them identify the insects. Markings are patterns of color on an animal. They will estimate the sizes of the insects and then compare the estimates with the sizes in the field guide. The bus arrives at the pond. Students put on gloves before starting their investigations.
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Milkweed is a source of food for many different insects. Milkweed and other wildflowers grow near the pond and in the field around the pond. These plants are an important habitat for some insects. Their poisonous sap is a source of food for insects such as the Monarch caterpillar. The poisonous sap does not harm the Monarch caterpillar. This milkweed is about 90 cm tall, which is more than the length of an adult baseball bat! The students notice many orange and black butterflies flying around the milkweed. At first all the butterflies look the same. A few are different though. Adam and Rachel use their field guide to discover that there are two kinds of orange and black butterflies.
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One of the butterflies is called the Monarch while the other is called the Viceroy. Adam notices that the hind wings of the butterflies are different. The Viceroy has a black band there, but the Monarch butterfly Monarch does not. They check the field guide. It says that wingspan is the distance across the widest part of the wings when they are fully open. The Monarch’s wingspan is about 10 cm, and the Viceroy’s wingspan is about 8 cm. Rachel records the two butterflies and their wingspans in the journal. Then Viceroy butterfly Rachel sees something green hanging from a milkweed stem.
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A Monarch butterfly chrysalis, or pupa, is shown in different stages of development. Adam finds a picture of the object in the field guide and learns that it is a Monarch chrysalis, or pupa. The Monarch caterpillar turns into a chrysalis before it becomes an adult butterfly and remains in this stage for 10-12 days. The process of changing from a caterpillar to a pupa to a butterfly is called metamorphosis. The chrysalis in the field guide measures more than 2 cm long. Rachel estimates this chrysalis is almost the same size as the one in the field guide. She notes this in their journal and then draws a picture of the chrysalis.
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Daisy and Ruben are also exploring the milkweed. They see yellow, black, and white caterpillars of different sizes. Adam reads in the field guide that they are all Monarch caterpillars that will grow into Monarch butterflies. Caterpillars grow in stages called instars. Between instars, the caterpillars shed their skin to keep growing. There are five instars in all. Monarch butterfly instars Stage Approximate Length First Instar About 1 cm 2 Second Instar Almost 1 cm Third Instar About 1 cm to 1 1 cm 2 Fourth Instar About 1 1 cm to 2 1 cm 2 2 Fifth Instar About 2 1 cm to 4 1 cm 2 2 Daisy and Ruben find a table in their field guide that compares the sizes of the Monarch instars. Daisy and Ruben compare the caterpillars they see with the information in the table. They record their observations in their journal.
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A Whirligig beetle resting on the surface of a pond. Ruben and Daisy notice movement near the edge of the pond and see small insects whirl on the surface of the water. Ruben finds the insect in the field guide and learns that it is called a Whirligig beetle. The beetle is named for its whirling motion. Whirligig beetles have unusual eyes that are divided into two parts. One part allows the beetle to see above the water. The other part lets it see beneath the water. Daisy records the Whirligig beetle in their journal. She estimates its length is about 1 cm.
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Some Antlions larvae are smaller than 1 cm. Adult Antlions can have wingspans up to 1 dm. 0 1 dm Kami sees several small, circular pits in the sandy soil around the pond and wonders what they could be. Sydney finds a picture of the pits in the field guide. They read that Antlion larvae build these pits to catch prey. The Antlion larva in the field guide measures less than 1 cm. The adult Antlion is much larger than the larva. The adult in the field guide has a wingspan of almost 1 dm. One decimeter equals ten centimeters. Kami records information about the Antlion larva in their journal. 10
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Adult Luna moths can have a wingspan of more than 11 cm. Hickory trees near the pond are another insect habitat and can grow to be 40 m tall. One meter equals 100 centimeters. Forty meters is longer than three school buses parked end to end. Sydney spots a large, green moth on a tree trunk. It is an adult Luna moth. This is a lucky find because Luna moths are an endangered species in some areas. This Luna moth is sitting high in the tree, more than a meter above their heads. The field guide says that some adult Luna moths have a wingspan of more than 11 cm. 11
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The Hickory Horned Devil caterpillar looks fierce, but it is harmless to people. Benjamin and Carl also are looking among the hickory trees for insects. They are trying to find a caterpillar called the Hickory Horned Devil which is fierce-looking, but harmless to people. They find several Hickory Horned Devil caterpillars in the twigs of a hickory tree. They are eating hickory leaves. The caterpillars are different sizes and have orange and black spines behind their heads. Carl reads the field guide. It shows a Hickory Horned Devil that is about 10 cm long. Benjamin records the information in their science journal. Then he draws a picture of this insect. 1
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Regal moth Carl reads in the field guide that the Hickory Horned Devil is the caterpillar stage of the adult Regal moth. Like the Hickory Horned Devil, the Regal moth can grow very large. Regal moths have a wingspan up to 10 cm long. Carl and Benjamin look around, but they do not find any Regal moths. This is probably because Regal moths are nocturnal, or active at night. Then they hear Ms. Tosh call the class together. Mrs. Tosh collects the pencils, markers, and field guides. She collects their gloves. The students climb on board the bus. 1
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Chapter 3: Going Home The students settle on the bus. They are excited about their day and talk all at once about the different insects they saw at the pond. Ms. Tosh asks them to name some of the insects they saw. The students talk about some of the surprising things they learned. “We saw lots of Monarch butterflies,” says Rachel. “We read that some Monarchs fly more than 4,000 km!” “Correct,” says Ms. Tosh. “Some Monarchs migrate from southern Canada, across the United States, to central Mexico. That is a very long trip for such small insects.” 1
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The students saw many insects at the pond. Ms. Tosh asks her students to share some of their drawings. The students show the pictures they made. They show drawings of butterflies, dragonflies, mantids, caterpillars, and even a giant water bug. The students also discuss the journal entries they made at the pond. “You have learned a lot today,” says Ms. Tosh. “I am proud of you. I cannot wait to read your reports.” It has been a busy day. This has been a fun field trip. The bus driver starts the bus, and they head back to school. The class will always remember this trip. 1
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Glossary centimeter (cm) a metric unit that is used to measure length or distance. 100 centimeters = 1 meter chrysalis the pupa of a butterfly decimeter (dm) a metric unit that is used to measure length or distance. 1 decimeter = 10 centimeters habitat the place or environment where a plant or animal naturally lives and grows insect class of small animals. Insects have 6 legs and 3 main body parts called the head, thorax, and abdomen. Many insects have one or two pairs of wings. investigation a close study of something to find out information kilometer (km) a metric unit that is used to measure length or distance. 1 kilometer = 1,000 meters larva an insect in its early life stage, between hatching from an egg and becoming a pupa. Larvae is plural for larva. meter (m) a metric unit that is used to measure length or distance. 1 meter = 100 centimeters. wingspan the distance across the widest part of the wings when they are fully open Photo credits: cover, title page, p. 15 (left)U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; pp. 3, 7 (main image): © S & D & K Maslowsk/FLPA; pp. 5, 6 (both), 7 (inset), 8, 9 (inset), 10 (inset), 11, 12, 13: Totallybuggin.com; pp. 9 (main image), 10 (top): © Foto Natura Stock/ FLPA; pp. 10 (bottom), 15 (right) © Corbis; p. 15 (center) U.S. Department of Agriculture 1
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Think and Respond 1. The wingspan of an adult Viceroy butterfly is about 8 cm. Is this wingspan longer or shorter than a decimeter? Tell how you know. 2. Some milkweed plants grow to be 110 cm tall. Are these plants taller than 1 meter or shorter than 1 meter? Tell how you know. 3. A Luna moth’s wingspan is 11 cm. A Monarch caterpillar is 4 cm long. The distance between a Regal moth’s two wing tips is 10 cm. Order these measurements from smallest to largest. 4. Would you use centimeters, meters, or kilometers to measure the length of your classroom? Explain your choice.
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