Earth ScienceEarth Science by Timothy Sandowby Timothy Sandow GenreGenre Comprehension SkillComprehension Skill Text FeaturesText Features Science ContentScience Content Nonfi ctionNonfi ction Make InferencesMake Inferences • Captions• Captions WeatherWeather • Map• Map • Labels• Labels • Glossary• Glossary Scott Foresman Science 3.6Scott Foresman Science 3.6 ì<(sk$m)=bdicde<ì<(sk$m)=bdicde<ISBNISBN 0-328-13823-10-328-13823-1 +^-Ä-U-Ä-U+^-Ä-U-Ä-U
Vocabulary What did you learn?Weather atmosphere 1. What are some qualities that weather has? blizzard 2. Name three weather tools that help to measureby Timothy Sandow hurricane weather. Tell what each tool does. tornado 3. What do high air pressure and low air pressure tell us about the weather? weather 4. In this book you have read about the pollution that happens in cities. Write to explain how pollution forms. Use examples from the book. 5. Make Inferences Why do you think the coast of the state of Washington gets wet weather in the winter, while the Cascade Mountains in the middle of the state get snow? Illustration: 5, 6 Big Sesh Studios Photographs: Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions. Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education. Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Title Page: ©DK Images 2 ©John Lund/Corbis 4 ©Leonard Lessin/Peter Arnold, Inc. 6 ©DK Images 8 Corbis 9 ©Tom Uhlman/Visuals Unlimited 10 Tom Bean 11 ©Julie Eggers/Bruce Coleman Inc. 13 (T) Getty Images, (B) ©Allan Davey/Masterfile Corporation 14 ©Boden/Ledingham/Masterfile Corporation ISBN: 0-328-13823-1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permissions, write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V010 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05
What makes up weather? Measuring Weather You might say that the weather is hot today. But Parts of Weather your friend might disagree. To your friend, the weather Weather is what the air is like outside. The air might not feel hot. So scientists use tools to measure temperature is part of the weather. So is the water in the weather. That way, we know exactly what the the air. The wind speed and kinds of clouds are part of weather is like! the weather too. Most clouds are made of water droplets. Clouds hang in the air. When a cloud can’t hold any more water, it rains. Puffy, white clouds usually mean good weather. Dark clouds often bring rain. 2 3
Earth has a blanket of Changes in air pressure lead to changes in the air around it. That blanket weather. Scientists use a tool called a barometer to is called the atmosphere. measure air pressure. It contains gases that have High air pressure means good weather is coming no color, taste, or odor. The or is here. The skies are clear or will be clearing. Low atmosphere has weight. It air pressure often means bad weather. The weather presses down on Earth. How is cloudy or rainy or will be cloudy or rainy. Storms much it presses down is called happen during low air pressure. air pressure. High air pressure is caused by the atmosphere Barometer pressing down more. Low air pressure is caused by the atmosphere pressing down less. The atmosphere has many parts. Weather happens in the lower part. Planes often fly above the weather. 4 5
A hygrometer measures the air’s Weather Map water vapor, or humidity. High Weather tools give scientists data, or facts. Scientists humidity causes damp, wet air. Low use the data to make weather maps. The maps show humidity causes dry air. temperatures, air pressure, and storms. Look closely at A rain gauge shows how much rain the weather map below. Do you see the key? The key’s Enlarge has fallen. An anemometer tells the pictures help you better understand the weather. speed of the wind. Wind vanes tell the direction of the wind. All these tools help scientists learn more about weather. They also help scientists predict what the weather will This weather map uses pictures to show be like. what the weather is like. What is the Hygrometer weather like in Atlanta, Georgia? Anemometer Wind vane 6 7
Weather satellites move around Earth and take pictures. They send the pictures back to Earth. Scientists study the pictures. The pictures help scientists tell which way storms are moving. This helps scientists talk about the weather. Enlarge Weather satellite Smog makes it hard for some people to breathe. Pollution Alerts Cars, trucks, and factories can pollute the air in cities. The pollution they make is a gas, called exhaust. The exhaust moves into the air. The exhaust can hang over the city. The Sun’s rays can turn the exhaust into smog and ozone. Weather scientists make pollution alerts when there’s smog or ozone in the air. The alerts warn people to stay inside because smog or ozone can be harmful to health. 8 9
How are weather patterns What kind of weather does this desert have? different? Weather Patterns Weather changes follow patterns. The same weather happens over and over again. Weather patterns depend on the Sun, water, and where you live. People near the ocean have one kind of weather. People far from the ocean have another kind of weather. The coast along the state of Washington has rainy winters. The Cascade Mountains, near the middle of the state, have snowy winters. And the eastern section of Washington has dry, cold winters. Eastern Washington State does not get much rain or snow. It rains on the coast because the air is warm and wet. The rain turns to snow in the mountains because the air is colder there. And the mountains block rain and snow from going past them. Each kind of desert has its own weather pattern. The Sonoran Desert in Southern Arizona and California has a hot, dry summer season. But storms come with heavy rain. The rain is due to moist air from the Gulf of California. Saguaro cactus take in the rain and save it for later. 10 11
Dangerous Storms Some storms only bring rain. Thunderstorms can be dangerous. Lightning can strike people, trees, and buildings, so people should find shelter. A hurricane is a huge storm. It starts out over an ocean. It has very strong winds. When it hits the land it causes great damage. People usually know about hurricanes before they happen. A hurricane can cause heavy rain and huge waves. A tornado is very dangerous. A tornado is a spinning column of air that touches the ground. Tornadoes form below thunderstorm clouds. They are smaller than hurricanes. But their winds are much stronger. Tornados form quickly. When a tornado is spotted, people must go to a safe place. Heavy rains or big waves can cause flooding. Flooding can make roads dangerous to travel on. People usually know about flooding beforehand and move to higher ground. 12 13
A blizzard is a winter storm. Blizzards have very The National Weather Service warns people about cold air and a lot of snow. Strong winds blow the storms. A storm watch means that a storm could be snow. It is dangerous to be out in a blizzard. Blizzards happening soon. A storm warning means that a storm can trap people in the snow. They can also make is about to happen or is already happening. people too cold. It is important to stay indoors during Different kinds of weather happen every day. It is blizzards in order to be safe. difficult to figure out why certain weather happens. But tools help scientists understand the weather! These students are sent home from school during a blizzard. 14 15
VocabularyGlossary What did you learn? atmosphereatmosphere the blanket of air that surrounds Earth 1. What are some qualities that weather has? blizzardblizzard a heavy snowstorm with strong winds 2. Name three weather tools that help to measure hurricane and cold temperatures weather. Tell what each tool does. tornadohurricane a huge storm with strong winds and 3. What do high air pressure and low air pressure heavy rains that starts over an ocean tell us about the weather? weather tornado a spinning, funnel-shaped column of 4. In this book you have read air that touches the ground about the pollution that happens in cities. Write to explain how pollution forms. Use examples weather what the air is like outside from the book. 5. Make Inferences Why do you think the coast of the state of Washington gets wet weather in the winter, while the Cascade Mountains in the middle of the state get snow? Illustration: 5, 6 Big Sesh Studios Photographs: Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions. Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education. Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Title Page: ©DK Images 2 ©John Lund/Corbis 4 ©Leonard Lessin/Peter Arnold, Inc. 6 ©DK Images 8 Corbis 9 ©Tom Uhlman/Visuals Unlimited 10 Tom Bean 11 ©Julie Eggers/Bruce Coleman Inc. 13 (T) Getty Images, (B) ©Allan Davey/Masterfile Corporation 14 ©Boden/Ledingham/Masterfile Corporation ISBN: 0-328-13823-1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permissions, write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V010 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 16
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