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Earth Sciences Standards Preview Standard Set 3. Earth Sciences 3.c. Students know that soil is made partly from weathered rock and partly 3. Earth is made of materials that from organic materials and that soils have distinct properties and provide differ in their color, texture, capacity resources for human activities. As the to retain water, and ability to support basis for understanding this concept: the growth of many kinds of plants. 3.a. Students know how to compare 3.e. Students know rock, water, plants, the physical properties of different and soil provide many resources, kinds of rocks and know that rock is including food, fuel, and building composed of different combinations of materials, that humans use. minerals. 3.b. Students know smaller rocks come by Mary Beth Spann from the breakage and weathering of larger rocks. Genre Comprehension Skill Text Features Science Content Nonfiction Draw Conclusions • Captions Natural Resources • Labels • Glossary Scott Foresman Science 2.6 ì<(sk$m)=cdfbbh<ISBN 0-328-23511-3 +^-Ä-U-Ä-U
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Vocabulary fuel luster Rocks and Soil minerals natural resourcesrock Around Us soil weathering Picture Credits by Mary Beth Spann Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions. Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the copyright of Dorling Kindersley, a division of Pearson. ISBN: 0-328-23511-3 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V010 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06
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Getting to Know Different rocks have different colors. Different rocks feel different. Some are smooth Rocks and Minerals and others are rough.Some rocks are small and light. You can hold these rocks in your hand. Other rocks are very Rocks are found all over the Earth. They can large. Rocks can be the size of an elephant! be found at the park or in a fi eld. They can be found at the bottom of the ocean. A rock is the hard, solid part of Earth that is not soil or metal. Rocks can have amazing shapes! Can you tell how these two rocks are different? 2 3
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Many Minerals Most rocks have more than one mineral inside of them. Gabbro is made up of the Minerals are what rocks are made up of. minerals feldspar and pyroxene. Gabbro forms Minerals are nonliving materials that come deep beneath Earth’s surface. It makes up much from Earth. Diamond and copper are minerals. of the ocean floor. Diamonds are used to make rings and other forms of jewelry. Wires, coins, and many other things are made from copper. Gabbro contains pyroxene and feldspar. Diamond Copper penny Copper 4 5
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Minerals Have Properties Some minerals are shiny. Other minerals are dull. Luster is the property of how shiny or dull We learn more about minerals by studying a mineral is. Quartz can have a glassy luster. their properties. All minerals have properties. Galena’s luster is shiny. A property is something about an object that you can observe. Minerals can be hard or soft. Hardness is one property of minerals. Color is a property of minerals too. Garnet Quartz can be red. Opal can be blue. Garnet Galena Opal 6 7
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Rocks and Water and temperature changes can cause weathering. Water weathers a rock by getting Weathering inside its cracks. The water can freeze into ice.The ice can then cause the rock to break apart. Plants can also cause weathering. Sometimes A rock’s size, shape, and color can be plant roots grow into cracks in a rock. The changed by weathering. Weathering is the growing roots can break the rock apart. breaking apart and changing of rocks. Weathering can change big boulders into smaller rocks. Weathering can change very The roots of plants small rocks into sand. can weather rocks. Weathering turns big rocks into smaller rocks. It turns smaller rocks into gravel and sand. 8 9
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More Causes of Weathering Some rocks have iron in them. If these rocks get wet, the iron mixes with air. They mix Look at the inside of the cave. Water in together to make rust. The rust gives the rocks the ground dissolved rock. Then the rock was a reddish brown color. It causes the rocks to washed away by the water. Dripping water weaken. It might make them break apart. made the shapes on the cave’s fl oor. It also made the shapes on the cave’s roof. The shapes join to make columns. Dripping water made the Rust has made this rock shapes in this cave. reddish brown. 10 11
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All About Soil Soil is full of weathered rock and other things. It has pieces of leaves and twigs. It also has the remains of living things that have died. Soil is the top layer of Earth. It is where Animals dig in soil. This can change the soil. plants grow. Animals loosen and mix the soil by digging in it. Weathering turns big rocks into small rocks. It also turns small rocks into sand. Weathering also turns small rocks into soil. These rabbits change the soil by loosening and mixing it. Soil has rocks of different sizes in it. 12 13
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Many Kinds of Soil Clay soil holds water well. But some plants do not grow well in it. Clay soil often has a red There are different kinds of soil. Different color. This color can come from iron in the soil. plants grow best in different kinds of soil. Most plants grow best in loam. Loam holds Sandy soil is bad for most plants. It does not water well. This helps plants get the water they hold water well. Sandy soil can be found in need. Then the plants can grow. deserts. It is also found near oceans and lakes. Sandy soil is dry Clay is soft and sticky. Loam is good for and very loose. It also feels smooth. growing most plants. 14 15
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Natural Resources Natural resources give us things we need. We use natural resources for food and clothing. We also use them for shelter and fuel. We use resources every day. Natural Many of the things we build contain rocks. resources are useful materials that come from We get food by growing plants in the soil. Trees Earth. Soil and water are natural resources. are plants that can also be used to build things. Rocks and plants are natural resources too. Some plants can even be used for fuel. How many natural resources can you see here? This dam was built with natural resources. The water and food on this farm are natural resources. 16 17
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More Natural Resources Wood is a natural resource. Oil, gas, and coal are also natural resources. We get fuel Rocks, soil, water, and plants are natural from these natural resources. Fuel is anything resources. We use rocks to build things. that is burned to make heat or power. Oil, gas, We mix sand, cement, and water to make and coal come from plants and animals. These concrete. From concrete we make sidewalks, plants and animals lived long ago. bridges, and buildings. A car uses gas for fuel. Parts of this bridge were made from rocks. Gas comes from plants that lived long ago. 18 19
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Glossary What did you learn? 1. What are the three different kinds of soil? fuel anything that is burned to make heat or power 2. What two minerals make up gabbro? luster how shiny or dull a 3. You learned many mineral is different things about natural resources while reading this book. Write a couple of sentences about natural resources. Make sure minerals nonliving materials that to group related ideas together as you write. come from Earth 4. Draw Conclusions If you come across a natural resources useful materials that soil that is very dry and has few plants come from Earth growing in it, what might you conclude? rock the hard, solid part of Earth that is not soil or metal soil the top layer of Earth weathering the breaking apart and changing of rocks 20
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