GenreGenre Comprehension SkillComprehension Skill Text FeaturesText Features Science ContentScience Content Nonfi ctionNonfi ction Alike and DifferentAlike and Different • Captions• Captions Earth and SpaceEarth and Space • Labels• Labels • Glossary• Glossary Scott Foresman Science 2.12Scott Foresman Science 2.12 ISBN-13:ISBN-13: 978-0-328-34226-6978-0-328-34226-6 ISBN-10:ISBN-10: 0-328-34226-20-328-34226-2 9 0 0 0 09 0 0 0 0 99 7 8 0 3 2 87 8 0 3 2 8 3 4 2 2 6 63 4 2 2 6 6
Vocabulary Extended Vocabulary What did you learn? axis ancient constellation hemisphere 1. How many zodiac constellations crater planisphere are there? orbit scale phase stargazing 2. What kind of animal is the rotation zodiac constellation Cancer? solar system by Susan Jones Leeming 3. In this book you read about lots of different constellations. Choose your favorite constellation. Write a paragraph to explain what you learned about that constellation and why it is your favorite. Use evidence from the text. Picture Credits Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material.The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions. 4. Alike and Different How are Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R), Background (Bkgd). the zodiac constellations different Opener: L. Dodd /Photo Researchers, Inc.; 1 Jerry Lodriguss /Photo Researchers, Inc.; 3 (T) Getty Images; 4 John Chumack /Photo Researchers,Inc.; 11 (CR) J. Sanford /Photo Researchers, Inc.; 12 (BR) Eckhard Slawik / from the other seventy-six Photo Researchers, Inc.; 19 (CR) L. Dodd /Photo Researchers, Inc.; 20 (BR) NASA Headquarters - Greatest Images of NASA (NASA-HQ-GRIN)/NASA Image Exchange; 23 John Chumack /Photo Researchers, Inc. constellations? How are they alike? Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the copyright © of Dorling Kindersley, a division of Pearson. ISBN 13: 978-0-328-34226-6; ISBN 10: 0-328-34226-2 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V010 13 12 11 10 09 08 07
What You Already Know Our Sun is really a star. It is the star that is closest to Earth. That is why it seems so big and so bright. All living things on Earth depend on the Sun’s heat and light. Earth spins on its axis, an imaginary line through its center. Earth rotates, or spins around completely, once a day. This rotation makes The Earth and the Moon are just two night and day. When the part of Earth where bodies in our solar system. There are seven you live faces the Sun, you have day. When it other planets, most of which have moons as rotates away from the Sun, you have night. well. They all rotate around the Sun, Earth is tilted on its axis and moves around making up our solar system. the Sun in an orbit. Earth takes one year to orbit the Sun. Earth’s tilt and its orbit around the Sun The hundreds of stars causes the seasons. that you see far away in the The Moon moves in an orbit around Earth. It night sky are suns too. People takes about four weeks. The Moon goes through have always looked at these different phases, or shapes, during its orbit. The stars and imagined lines Moon has craters, which were caused by huge connecting them, making rocks crashing into it. pictures. These pictures are called constellations. 2 3
Stories of the Ancients We can still see the pictures the ancients saw in the night sky. They are many, many Ancient people looked up at the night sky miles away from each other, and we know the and saw pictures. They imagined lines stars in constellations do not have lines connecting the stars, making shapes called between them. constellations. They gave these constellations There are about eighty-eight constellations. names and told stories about them. The stories Some are made of many stars. Others are were about strange animals, heroes, and made of only a few. Different constellations adventures. These stories were passed down appear in the skies of the Northern and the to us. Southern Hemispheres. 4 5
Stargazing Ask a parent to take you to a place away You can look at the stars in the sky and from bright lights. Let your eyes get used to study them using star maps. Some star maps the darkness. Lie down and look up. Using a are on a wheel. You can spin the wheel to the fl ashlight, compare what you see in the sky right place and season. This round star map is to what you see on your planisphere. Which called a planisphere. Once you have found constellations did you fi nd? Which ones are the correct location on the map, you are still hiding from you? ready to begin stargazing. You’ll need binoculars, Some star maps are a fl ashlight, and a star printed on a wheel map to begin stargazing. called a planisphere. 6 7
Zodiac Constellations Aries Pisces Taurus Aquarius There are twelve constellations that can be seen from both the Northern and Southern Capricorn Hemispheres. They are called the zodiac Gemini constellations. Each constellation appears in the night sky for about one month. Some people believe ancient farmers may have used the zodiac constellations as a calendar. When the spring constellations appeared, farmers knew it would soon be time to plant their crops. When the fall constellations appeared, they knew it was time to harvest. People who lived thousands of years ago named the zodiac constellations. Different ancient people from around the world all told different stories about them. Some of the stories best known to us come from the ancient Greeks and Romans. Sagittarius Cancer Leo Scorpius Libra Virgo 8 9
Cancer Gemini The ancient Greeks told stories about The ancient Greeks told a pictures they saw in the night sky. One of their story about the twins Castor stories was about a hero named Hercules. He and Pollux. They were the was half man and half god. Hercules was brave twin sons of the Greek god and had many adventures. Once he had to fight Zeus and a woman named a monster named Hydra. A giant crab came to Leda. One day Castor was help Hydra fi ght Hercules. Hercules killed the killed. Pollux missed his crab and beat Hydra. Ancient Greeks named brother very much. He asked the Twins the six-star constellation after the crab. his father to help him. Zeus put They called it Cancer. Castor and Pollux into the night sky. There the two brothers lived together again. Gemini Pollux Castor The two brightest the Crab stars in the Gemini constellation are named Castor and Pollux, the Cancer twin brothers. 10 11
Leo Libra Every summer the Libra is the only zodiac ancient Greeks saw a constellation that is not a lion in the sky. They person or an animal. Libra is in called this lion Leo. the shape of scales. Scales are Remember Hercules, tools used for measuring weight. the hero? The gods the Lion An object is placed on one side gave Hercules twelve jobs. and weights are placed on the His fi rst job was to kill a dangerous lion. other side until the two sides the Scales Afterward, Hercules always wore the balance. The weights are counted lion’s fur on his back. to fi nd out how heavy the object is. Can you see the picture of the lion The ancient Romans told stories about Libra. in the stars below? The scales made them think of fairness or equality because a scale can show equal weights. Leo The brightest star in Leo is Regulus. Libra 12 13
Scorpius Taurus Scorpions are dangerous The word Taurus animals. Their poison is stored means “bull” in Greek. in their tail. If a scorpion The stars at the bull’s back stings a person with its tail, are named Pleiades. The stars the person could die. at his nose are named Hyades. The ancient Greeks did not the Scorpion In the Greek story, the Pleiades see the scales in the stars of Libra. and the Hyades are groups of the Bull Instead they saw the claws of a scorpion. sisters that ride on the bull. The bull protects They named the constellation Scorpius. the sisters from dangers in the sky. They told a story about the scorpion killing Look at the picture below. Can you find a brave hunter named Orion. the sisters? Does the Taurus constellation The people of Polynesia saw a fishing look like a bull to you? Can it look like hook in the stars of Scorpius. Do you see something else? Libra, a hook, or a scorpion in the picture below? Pleiades Hyades Scorpius Taurus 14 15
Other Constellations Cassiopeia The W-shaped There are many other constellations besides constellation is Cassiopeia. the twelve zodiac ones. Ancient people imagined Cassiopeia and her husband, stories about these other constellations too. King Cepheus, were Andromeda’s parents. Cassiopeia bragged that she Cassiopeia Andromeda and her daughter were more beautiful than Andromeda was the sea nymphs. Poseidon, the god of the sea, a beautiful Ethiopian heard this and became angry. He sent floods to princess. Perseus was a kill Cepheus’s kingdom. King Cepheus asked a son of the god Zeus. He wise man for help. The wise man told Cepheus was on his way home from that if he let a sea monster eat Andromeda, then an adventure. He spotted Poseidon would not fl ood their land. Cepheus beautiful Andromeda tied to was going to do this, but Perseus rescued Andromeda a rock. A sea monster was Andromeda from death! about to eat her. Perseus killed the sea monster Cassiopeia and saved the princess Andromeda. They fell in love and married each other. Andromeda 16 17
Canis Major Crux Canis means “dog” in Latin. Canis Major, Crux is the Latin word for cross. or Greater Dog, was the dog of Orion, the brave The Crux constellation is also called hunter. Canis Minor, or Smaller Dog, was Canis the Southern Cross. This is because Major’s brother. Both dogs face other animal the Crux constellation is best seen constellations in the sky. Canis Major faces from the Southern Hemisphere. the Southern Lepus, a rabbit-shaped constellation. Canis The stars that make up Crux are Cross Minor faces Taurus, the bull. The ancient some of the brightest in the sky. Explorers Greeks told stories about the two dogs chasing have used Crux to help them sail across the sea. animals around the sky. The bottom star points almost straight south. Canis Major Crux Can you tell which the Greater Dog star points south? 18 19
Orion Pegasus The constellation Orion was The ancient Greeks seen by many ancient people. told the story of Pegasus. Greeks, Romans, and Arabs all Pegasus is a fl ying horse. have stories about this hunter. He A brave son of the god hunted animals like Taurus, the bull, Zeus killed a monster. the Winged Horse and Lepus, the rabbit, with his dogs. Pegasus fl ew out of the Orion’s life ended when he stepped monster’s neck. Even though the monster had on a scorpion. The gods put Orion been ugly and horrible, Pegasus was beautiful in the sky with his dogs and many the Hunter and good. Zeus, the king of all Greek gods, animals to hunt. They put the asked Pegasus to carry his lightning bolts. scorpion far away from him! Can you see the shape of a horse in the stars Orion below? He is upside down! Can you imagine him running across the sky? What other pictures can you make with the stars of Pegasus? The star in the center of Orion’s sword is a nebula— a huge gas formation where stars are born. Pegasus 20 21
Ursa Major Another animal Orion hunted is Ursa Major, the Great Bear. Ancient Greeks saw two bears in the sky, Ursa Major and Ursa Minor. Ursa the Great Bear Major is the big bear. Ursa Minor is the small bear. Seven stars of Ursa Major make up another constellation called the Big Dipper. A dipper is a deep spoon or a ladle. Can you see the handle Do you see the Big Dipper or of the Big Dipper starting at Ursa Major’s tail? another picture in these stars? Some people see the Big Dipper as a wagon, What We Can See a plow, or warriors. What do you see? Thousands of stars are visible in the sky. Over time people have seen many different pictures and shapes in these stars. All over the Big Dipper world people have used the stars to tell stories. You too can make pictures with the stars in the night sky. You can make up your own stories, or you can look for the constellations you learned about. The next time you are outside at night, try stargazing! Ursa Major 22 23
Vocabulary Extended Vocabulary What did you learn? Glossary axis ancient constellation hemisphere 1. How many zodiac constellations ancient old, from the distant past are there? crater planisphere hemisphereorbit the top or bottom half of Earthscale phase stargazing 2. What kind of animal is the rotation zodiac constellation Cancer? planisphere a map of the stars solar system 3. In this book scale a tool used to measure weight you read about lots of different constellations. Choose your stargazing looking at and studying the stars favorite constellation. Write a paragraph to explain what you zodiac the name for 12 constellations learned about that constellation that can be seen from both and why it is your favorite. Use the Northern and Southern evidence from the text. Hemispheres Picture Credits Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material.The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions. 4. Alike and Different How are Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R), Background (Bkgd). the zodiac constellations different Opener: L. Dodd /Photo Researchers, Inc.; 1 Jerry Lodriguss /Photo Researchers, Inc.; 3 (T) Getty Images; 4 John Chumack /Photo Researchers,Inc.; 11 (CR) J. Sanford /Photo Researchers, Inc.; 12 (BR) Eckhard Slawik / from the other seventy-six Photo Researchers, Inc.; 19 (CR) L. Dodd /Photo Researchers, Inc.; 20 (BR) NASA Headquarters - Greatest Images of NASA (NASA-HQ-GRIN)/NASA Image Exchange; 23 John Chumack /Photo Researchers, Inc. constellations? How are they alike? Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the copyright © of Dorling Kindersley, a division of Pearson. ISBN 13: 978-0-328-34226-6; ISBN 10: 0-328-34226-2 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V010 13 12 11 10 09 08 0724
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