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Facebook: Video Học Toefl-Nguyễn Đức Mùi Email: nguyenducmui@gmail.com PHẦN ĐỌC PHẦN 1 TỪ ĐỊNH NGHĨA 1-DẤU HIỆU ?? Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ? ?? All of the following words are defined in the passage EXCEPT ?? Look at the terms “XXX” (line ##), “YYY” (line ##), “ZZZ” (line ##), and “FFF” (line ##). Which of these terms is NOT defined in the passage? 2-CÁCH LÀM Dấu hiệu Chú thích TDN,...., V+O TDN +Mệnh đề tính từ Mệnh đề tính từ Sub+V+O Ved+prep+O Ving+O To+V+O O (Dạng này là có dấu phẩy ngăn giữa TDN,O) TDN (....) Trong ngoặc có thể là danh từ hoặc một câu TDN-..... ....Có thể là một danh từ TDN or .... TDN. That is,.... TDN. In other words,.... TDN such as, for example, like... TDN. The term “TDN” V+O TDN+tobe+O TDN, Noun2 -Noun1 và noun2 không nằm trong cấu trúc // -Trong cấu trúc trạng từ. 3-VÍ DỤ Câu 1: A survey is a study, generally in the form of an interview or a questionnaire, that provides information concerning how people think and act. In the United States, the best-known surveys are the Gallup poll and the Harris poll. As anyone who watches the news during Line campaigns presidential knows, these polls have become an important part of political life in (5) the United States. North Americans are familiar with the many "person on the street? interviews on local television news shows. While such interviews can be highly entertaining, they are not necessarily an accurate indication of public opinion. First, they reflect the opinions of only
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Facebook: Video Học Toefl-Nguyễn Đức Mùi Email: nguyenducmui@gmail.com those people who appear at a certain location. Thus, such samples can be biased in favor (10) of commuters, middle-class shoppers, or factory workers, depending on which area the newspeople select. Second, television interviews tend to attract outgoing people who are willing to appear on the air, while they frighten away others who may feel intimidated by a camera. A survey must be based on a precise, representative sampling if it is to genuinely reflect a broad range of the population. (15) In preparing to conduct a survey, sociologists must exercise great care in the wording of questions. An effective survey question must be simple and clear enough for people to understand it. It must also be specific enough so that there are no problems in interpreting the results. Even questions that are less structured must be carefully phrased in order to elicit the type of information desired. Surveys can be indispensable sources of information, but (20) only if the sampling is done properly and the questions are worded accurately. There are two main forms of surveys: the interview and the questionnaire. Each of these forms of survey research has its advantages. An interviewer can obtain a high response rate because people find it more difficult to turn down a personal request for an interview than to throw away a written questionnaire. In addition, an interviewer can go beyond written (25) questions and probe for a subject's underlying feelings and reasons. However, questionnaires have the advantage of being cheaper and more consistent. 1. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage? (A) Survey (line 1) (B) Public opinion (line 8) (C) Representative sampling (line 13) (D) Response rate (line 22) Câu 2 The smooth operation of an ant colony depends on ten to twenty different signals, most of which are pheromones (chemical signals triggering behavioral responses). It is estimated that red fire ants employ at least twelve different chemical signals. The simples Line of these is the carbon dioxide from the respiration of an ant cluster, a chemical that acts as (5) a pheromone to promote aggregation. Workers move toward a source of carbon dioxide, resulting in solitary ants moving to join a group. At the other extreme, the most complex of the fire ants' signals is probably colony odor, by which the workers of a particular colony or nest identify another worker as local or foreign. Each ant nest has its own odor as a result of its location, history, and local food supply. The resident ants pick up this (10) odor on their bodies, so that ants of the same species, but from different nests, have different colony odors. This allows ants to identify intruders and maintain colony integrity. Fire ants also make use of an alarm pheromone to alert workers to an emergency, and their scouts lay down a trail pheromone as a guide during mass migrations. A fire ant (15) queen emits a chemical signal that identifies her to the colony's workers. They respond by scurrying to gather around her. The decomposing corpse of a dead ant also generates
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Facebook: Video Học Toefl-Nguyễn Đức Mùi Email: nguyenducmui@gmail.com a signal, to which workers respond by eliminating the corpse from the nest. Ants provide examples of both public (accessible to other species) and private messages. One of their most important private messages concerns food, for a food source (20) is worth keeping secret. Each species marks its trails with signals that are meaningless to others, so that an ant crossing a trail left by another ant species typically notices nothing. On the other hand, a secret signal to mark a dead body is unnecessary. Many kinds of ants perceive a natural decomposition product of dead insects as a signal to remove a corpse. If an outsider recognizes this message and moves the body, no harm is done. 2. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage? (A) pheromones (line 2) (B) colony integrity (lines 11-12) (C) mass migrations (line 14) (D) private messages (lines 18-19) Câu 3 The Moon, which has undergone a distinct and complex geological history, presents a striking appearance. The moon may be divided into two major terrains: the maria (dark lowlands) and the terrace( bright highlands). The contrast in the reflectivity (the capability Line of reflecting light ) of these two terrains suggested to many early observers that the two (5) terrains might have different compositions, and this supposition was confirmed by missions to the Moon such as Surveyor and Apollo. One of the most obvious differences between the terrains is the smoothness of the maria in contrast to the roughness of the highlands. This roughness is mostly caused by the abundance of craters; the highlands are completely covered by large craters( greater than 40-50 km in diameter), while the craters (10) of the maria tend to be much smaller. It is now known that the vast majority of the Moon’s craters were formed by the impact of solid bodies with the lunar surface. Most of the near side of the Moon was thoroughly mapped and studied from telescopic pictures years before the age of space exploration. Earth-based telescopes can resolve objects as small as a few hundred meters on the lunar surface. Close observation of (15) craters, combined with the way the Moon diffusely reflects sunlight, led to the understanding that the Moon is covered by a surface layer, or regolith, that overlies the solid rock of the Moon. Telescopic images permitted the cataloging of a bewildering array of land forms. Craters were studied for clues to their origin; the large circular maria were (20) seen. Strange, sinuous features were observed in the maria. Although various land forms were catalogued, the majority of astronomers’ attention was fixed on craters and their origins. Astronomers have known for a fairly long time that the shape of craters changes as they increase in size. Small craters with diameters of less than 10-15 km have relatively (25) simple shapes. They have rim crests that are elevated above the surrounding terrain,
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Facebook: Video Học Toefl-Nguyễn Đức Mùi Email: nguyenducmui@gmail.com smooth, bowl-shaped interiors, and depths that are about one-fifth to one-sixth their diameters. The complexity of shape increases for larger craters. 3. All of the following terms are defined in the passage EXCEPT (A) Moon (line1) (B) reflectivity (line3) (C) regolith (line16) (D) rays (line19) Câu 4 In eighteenth-century colonial America, flowers and fruit were typically the province of the botanical artist interested in scientific illustration rather than being the subjects of fine art. Early in the nineteenth century, however, the Peale family of Line Philadelphia established the still life, a picture consisting mainly of inanimate (5) objects, as a valuable part of the artist's repertoire. The fruit paintings by James and Sarah Miriam Peale are simple arrangements of a few objects, handsomely colored, small in size, and representing little more than what they are. In contrast were the highly symbolic, complex compositions by Charles Bird King, with their biting satire and critical social commentary. Each of these strains comminuted into and (10) well past mid-century. John F. Francis (1808-86) was a part of the Pennsylvania still-life tradition that arose, at least in part, from the work of the Peales. Most of his still lifes date from around 1850 to 1875. Luncheon Still Life looks like one of the Peales' pieces on a larger scale, kits greater complexity resulting from the number of objects. It is also (15) indebted to the luncheon type of still life found in seventeenth-century Dutch painting. The opened bottles of wine and the glasses of wine partially consumed suggest a number of unseen guests. The appeal of the fruit and nuts to our sense of taste is heightened by the juicy orange, which has already been sliced. The arrangement is additive, that is, made up of many different parts, not always (20) compositionally integrated, with all objects of essentially equal importance. About 1848, Severin Roesen came to the United States from Germany and settled in New York City, where he began to paint large, lush still lifes of flowers, fruit, or both, often measuring over four feet across. Still Life with Fruit and champagne is typical in its brilliance of color, meticulous rendering of detail, (25) compact composition, and unabashed abundance. Rich in symbolic overtones, the beautifully painted objects carry additional meanings------butterflies or fallen buds suggest the impermanence of life, a bird's nest with eggs means fertility, and so on. Above all, Roesen's art expresses the abundance that America symbolized to many of its citizens. 4. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage? (A) "repertoire" (line 5) (B) "satire" (line 9) (C) "additive" (line 19) (D) "rendering" (line 2)
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Facebook: Video Học Toefl-Nguyễn Đức Mùi Email: nguyenducmui@gmail.com Câu 5 Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates. Line When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the (5) nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature gradient Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. (10) Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment. (15) In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks. When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors (20) to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from (25) direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo. Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest. 5. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage? (A) Aviculturists (line I) (B) Gradient (line 8) (C) Incubation (line 15) (D) Embryo (line 24)
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Facebook: Video Học Toefl-Nguyễn Đức Mùi Email: nguyenducmui@gmail.com Câu 6 Archaeological literature is rich in descriptions of pot making. Unlike modern industrial potters, prehistoric artisans created each of their pieces individually, using the simplest technology but demonstrating remarkable skill in making and adorning their vessels. Line The clay used in prehistoric pot making was invariably selected with the utmost care: (5) often it was traded over considerable distances. The consistency of the clay was crucial: it was pounded meticulously and mixed with water to make it entirely even in texture. By careful kneading, the potter removed the air bubbles and made the clay as plastic as possible, allowing it to be molded into shape as the pot was built up, When a pot is fired. It loses its water and can crack, so the potter added a temper to the clay, a substance that (10) helped reduce shrinkage and cracking. Since surface finishes provided a pleasing appearance and also improved the durability in day-to-day use, the potter smoothed the exterior surface of the pot with wet hands. Often a wet clay solution, known as a slip, was applied to the smooth surface. Brightly colored slips were often used and formed painted decorations on the vessel. In later times. glazes (15) came into use in some areas. A glaze is a form of slip that turns to a glasslike finish during high-temperature firing. When a slip was not applied, the vessel was allowed to dry slowly until the external surface was almost like leather in texture. It was then rubbed with a round stone or similar object to give it a shiny, hard surface. Some pots were adorned with incised or stamped decorations. (20) Most early pottery was then fired over open hearths. The vessels were covered with fast-burning wood; as it burned, the ashes would all around the pots and bake them evenly over a few hours. Far higher temperatures were attained in special ovens, known as kilns, which would not only bake the clay and remove its plasticity, but also dissolve carbons and iron compounds. Kilns were also used for glazing, when two firings were needed, Once fired, the pots were allowed to cool slowly, and small cracks were repaired before they were ready for use. 6. Look at the terms “temper” (line 9), “glazes” (line 14), “kilns” (line 23), and “compounds” (line 24). Which of these terms is NOT defined in the passage? (A) temper (B) glazes (C) kilns (D) compound
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Facebook: Video Học Toefl-Nguyễn Đức Mùi Email: nguyenducmui@gmail.com PHẦN 2 TỪ THAY THẾ 1- DẤU HIỆU ?? The word "XXX" in line ## refers to? XXX: they, it, this,that, these, those 2-CÁCH LÀM STT CẤU TRÚC CỨNG 1 S+v+o, sub S+v+o /sub S+v+o, S+v+o 2 S+v+o. S+v+o 3 s+v+OS. one/two/… of THESE/THOSE/WHO+v+o. o+tobe+ved+prep+S. S+v+o 4 O + tobe + ved + prep+s. s+v+O 5 sub +s+v+o1, ving+O2 sub+S+v+o1. o1+tobe+ving +O2 6 S+v+o; S+v+o 7 o+tobe+ved+prep+S sub+S+v+o 8 s+tobe +ving1+O and ving THIS/THAT/THESE/THOSE 9 s+v+that [sub+S+v+o, S+v+o] 10 S+v+o, fanboys S+v+o 11 s+v+o sub+v+o S+v+o o +v+S 12 S+v+O 3- VÍ DỤ state of Pennsylvania, which chartered a company in 1792 to construct a turnpike, a road for the use of which a toll, or payment, is collected, from Philadelphia to Lancaster. The (10) legislature gave the company the authority to erect tollgates at points along the road where payment would be collected, though it carefully regulated the rates. (The states had unquestioned authority to regulate private business in this period.) 1. The word "it" in line 11 refers to (A) legislature (B) company (C) authority (D) payment (5) the way salt destroys rocks. Salt breaks rocks apart principally by a process called crystal prying and wedging. This happens not by soaking the rocks in salt water, but by moistening their bottoms with salt water. Such conditions exist in many areas along the eastern edge of central Death Valley. There, salty water rises from the groundwater table by capillary action through tiny spaces in sediment until it reaches the surface. 2. The word "it" in line 9 refers to (A) salty water (B) groundwater table (C) capillary action (D) sediment
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Facebook: Video Học Toefl-Nguyễn Đức Mùi Email: nguyenducmui@gmail.com North Americans are familiar with the many "person on the street? interviews on local television news shows. While such interviews can be highly entertaining, they are not necessarily an accurate indication of public opinion. First, they reflect the opinions of only those people who appear at a certain location. Thus, such samples can be biased in favor (10) of commuters, middle-class shoppers, or factory workers, depending on which area the 3. The word "they" in line 8 refers to (A) North Americans (B) news shows (C) interviews (D) opinions Human hunters could have caused imbalances among game animals, leading to the extinctions of species less able to compete. When other predators such as the gray wolf (20) prey upon large mammals, they generally take high proportions of each year s crop of young. Some human hunters, in contrast, tend to take the various age-groups of large animals in proportion to their actual occurrence. If such hunters first competed with the larger 4. The word "they" in line 20 refers to (A) human hunters (B) game animals (C) other predators (D) large mammals Pheromones play numerous roles in the activities of insects. They may act as alarm (25) substances, play a role in individual and group recognition, serve as attractants between sexes, mediate the formation of aggregations, identify foraging trails, and be involved in caste determination. For example, pheromones involved in caste determination include the "queen substance" produced by queen honey bees. Aphids, which are particularly 5. The word "They" in line 24 refers to (A) pheromones (B) roles (C) activities (D) insects
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Facebook: Video Học Toefl-Nguyễn Đức Mùi Email: nguyenducmui@gmail.com PHẦN 3 TÌM THÔNG TIN 1. DẤU HIỆU ??. According to the passage 2. CÁCH LÀM -Dựa vào các câu đồng nghĩa bên trên và dưới để giới hạn trên và giới hạn dưới của câu tìm thông tin. -Đọc các đáp án để scan đoạn văn đã giới hạn. -Cách chọn: Đáp án nào có nhiều từ xuất hiện hoặc hao hao giống là chọn 3.VÍ DỤ Câu 1 descendants. The most vulnerable moment in any animal's life is when it first finds itself completely on its own, when it must forage and fend for itself. Feeding postpones that (20) moment until a young animal has grown to such a size that it is better able to cope. Young that are fed by their parents become nutritionally independent at a much greater fraction of their full adult size. And in the meantime those young are shielded against the vagaries of fluctuating of difficult-to-find supplies. Once a species does take the step of feeding its young, the young become totally dependent on the extra effort. If both parents are (25) removed, the young generally do no survive. 1. The word "it" in line 20 refers to (A) feeding (B) moment (C) young animal (D) size 2. According to the passage, animal young are most defenseless when (A) their parents are away searching for food (B) their parents have many young to feed (C) they are only a few days old (D) they first become independent 3. The word "shielded" in line 22 is closest in meaning to (A) raised (B) protected (C) hatched (D) valued Câu 2 (10) pottery, animal pelts, tools, and other goods along extensive trading networks that stretched up and down eastern North America and as far west as the Rocky Mountains. About A.D. 400, the Hopewell culture fell into decay. Over the next centuries, it was supplanted by another culture, the Mississippian, named after the river along which many of its earliest villages were located. This complex civilization dominated the Southeast from (15) about A.D. 700 until shortly before the Europeans began arriving in the sixteenth century. At the peak of its strength, about the year 1200, it was the most advanced culture in North America. Like their Hopewell predecessors, the Mississippians became highly skilled at growing food, although on a grander scale. They developed an improved strain of corn, which could survive in wet soil and a relatively cool climate, and also learned to cultivate (20) beans. Indeed, agriculture became so important to the Mississippians that it became
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Facebook: Video Học Toefl-Nguyễn Đức Mùi Email: nguyenducmui@gmail.com closely associated with the Sun – the guarantor of good crops. Many tribes called themselves "children of the Sun" and believed their omnipotent priest-chiefs were descendants of the great sun god. Although most Mississippians lived in small villages, many others inhabited large towns. (25) Most of these towns boasted at least one major flat-topped mound on which stood a temple that contained a sacred flame. Only priests and those charged with guarding the flame could enter the temples. The mounds also served as ceremonial and trading sites, and at times they were used as burial grounds. 1. The word "supplanted" in line 13 is closest in meaning to (A) conquered (B) preceded (C) replaced (D) imitated 2. According to the passage, when did the Mississippian culture reach its highest point of development? (A) About A.D. 400 (B) Between A.D. 400 and A.D. 700 (C) About A.D. 1200 (D) In the sixteenth century 3. According to the passage, how did the agriculture of the Mississippians differ from that of their Hopewell predecessors? (A) The Mississippians produced more durable and larger crops of food. (B) The Mississippians sold their food to other groups. (C) The Mississippians could only grow plants in warm, dry climates. (D) The Mississippians produced special foods for their religious leaders. 4. Why does the author mention that many Mississippians tribes called themselves "children of the Sun" (line 22)? (A) To explain why they were obedient to their priest-chiefs. (B) To argue about the importance of religion in their culture. (C) To illustrate the great importance they placed on agriculture. (D) To provide an example of their religious rituals. Câu 3 Overland transport in the United States was still extremely primitive in 1790. Roads were few and short, usually extending from inland communities to the nearest river town or seaport. Nearly all interstate commerce was carried out by sailing ships that served the Line bays and harbors of the seaboard. Yet, in 1790 the nation was on the threshold of a new (5) era of road development. Unable to finance road construction, states turned for help to private companies, organized by merchants and land speculators who had a personal interest in improved communications with the interior. The pioneer in this move was the state of Pennsylvania, which chartered a company in 1792 to construct a turnpike, a road for the use of which a toll, or payment, is collected, from Philadelphia to Lancaster. The
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Facebook: Video Học Toefl-Nguyễn Đức Mùi Email: nguyenducmui@gmail.com (10) legislature gave the company the authority to erect tollgates at points along the road where payment would be collected, though it carefully regulated the rates. (The states had unquestioned authority to regulate private business in this period.) 1. The phrase "on the threshold of" in line 4 and 5 is closest in meaning to (A) in need of (B) in place of (C) at the start of (D) with the purpose of 2. According to the passage, why did states want private companies to help with road building? (A) The states could not afford to build roads themselves. (B) The states were not as well equipped as private companies. (C) Private companies could complete roads faster than the states. (D) Private companies had greater knowledge of the interior. 3. The word "it" in line 11 refers to (A) legislature (B) company (C) authority (D) payment Câu 4 contribute additional stresses. A rock durable enough to have withstood natural conditions (20) for a very long time in other areas could probably be shattered into small pieces by salt weathering within a few generations. The dominant salt in Death Valley is halite, or sodium chloride, but other salts, mostly carbonates and sulfates, also cause prying and wedging, as does ordinary ice. Weathering by a variety of salts, though often subtle, is a worldwide phenomenon. Not restricted to (25) arid regions, intense salt weathering occurs mostly in salt-rich places like the seashore, near the large saline lakes in the Dry Valleys of Antarctica, and in desert sections of Australia, New Zealand, and central Asia. 48. The word "dominant" in line 22 is closest in meaning to (A) most recent (B) most common (C) least available (D) least damaging 49. According to the passage, which of the following is true about the effects of salts on rocks? (A) Only two types of salts cause prying and wedging. (B) Salts usually cause damage only in combination with ice. (C) A variety of salts in all kinds of environments can cause weathering. (D) Salt damage at the seashore is more severe than salt damage in Death Valley. 50. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about rocks that are found in areas where ice is common? (A) They are protected from weathering. (B) They do not allow capillary action of water.
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Facebook: Video Học Toefl-Nguyễn Đức Mùi Email: nguyenducmui@gmail.com (C) They show similar kinds of damage as rocks in Death Valley. (D) They contain more carbonates than sulfates. Câu 5 Line and weaving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry during (5) this period, and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. American producers were able to meet this demand largely because of tile invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separating the fiber – or lint – from the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton was relatively easy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were concentrated at the (10) base of the flower, but it demanded a long growing season, available only along the nation's eastern seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much shorter growing season, but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that a worker could hand-process only about one pound per day. Whitney's gin was a hand-powered machine with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from seeds. Using the gin, (15) a worker could produce up to 50 pounds of lint a day. The later development of larger gins, powered by horses, water, or steam, multiplied productivity further. The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread of the cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American export, dwarfing all others. In 1802, cotton composed 14 percent of total American (20) exports by value. Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over a 50 percent share in 1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton. In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American exports in that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to an (25) unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of the United States---west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River. 4. The word "laborious" in line 8 is closest in meaning to (A) unfamiliar (B) primitive (C) skilled (D) difficult 5. According to the passage, one advantage of sea island cotton was its (A) abundance of seeds (B) long fibers (C) long growing season (D) adaptability to different climates 6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about cotton production in the United States after the introduction of Whitney's cotton gin? (A) More cotton came from sea island cotton plants than before. (B) More cotton came from short-staple cotton plants than before. (C) Most cotton produced was sold domestically. (D) Most cotton produced was exported to England. 7. The word "surge" in line 18 is closest in meaning to
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Facebook: Video Học Toefl-Nguyễn Đức Mùi Email: nguyenducmui@gmail.com (A) sharp increase (B) sudden stop (C) important change (D) excess amount Câu 6 The origins of nest-building remain obscure, but current observation of nest-building activities provide evidence of their evolution. Clues to this evolutionary process can be found in the activities of play and in the behavior and movements of birds during mating, Line such as incessant pulling at strips of vegetation or scraping of the soil. During the early (5) days of the reproductive cycle, the birds seem only to play with the building materials. In preparation for mating, they engage in activities that resemble nest-building, and continue these activities throughout and even after the mating cycle. Effective attempts at construction occur only after mating. Although nest-building is an instinctive ability, there is considerable adaptability in (10) both site selection and use of materials, especially with those species which build quite elaborate constructions. Furthermore, some element of learning is often evident since younger birds do not build as well as their practiced elders. Young ravens, for example, first attempt to build with sticks of quite unsuitable size, while a jackdaw's first nest includes virtually any movable object. The novelist John Steinbeck recorded the contents (15) of a young osprey nest built in his garden, which included three shirts, a bath towel, and one arrow. Birds also display remarkable behavior in collecting building materials. Crows have been seen to tear off stout green twigs, and sparrowhawks will dive purposefully onto a branch until it snaps and then hang upside down to break it off. Golden eagles, over (20) generations of work, construct enormous nests. One of these, examined after it had been dislodged by high winds, weighed almost two tons and included foundation branches almost two meters long. The carrying capacity of the eagles, however, is only relative to their size ant1 most birds are able to carry an extra load of just over twenty percent of their body weight. 11. The word "obscure" in line 1 is closest in meaning to (A) interesting (B) unclear (C) imperfect (D) complex 12. According to the passage, which of the following activities is characteristic of the early part of the reproductive cycle of birds? (A) Selecting a mate (B) Collecting nest-building materials (C) Playing with nest-building materials (D) Building a nest 13. The word "display" in line 17 is closest in meaning to (A) communicate (B) imitate (C) initiate (D) exhibit
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Facebook: Video Học Toefl-Nguyễn Đức Mùi Email: nguyenducmui@gmail.com 14. The novelist John Steinbeck is mentioned in line 14 because he (A) conducted a scientific study on the behavior of ospreys (B) was the first to describe where ospreys built their nests (C) described the materials ospreys can use to build their nests (D) compared the size of osprey nests with the nests of other species 15. Which of the following birds are mentioned as those that build nests that include unusual objects? (A) Ravens (B) Ospreys (C) Crows (D) Sparrowhawks 16. According to the passage, when gathering materials to build their nests, sparrowhawks do which of the following? (A) Hang upside down (B) Select only green twigs (C) Use objects blowing in the wind (D) Collect more branches than necessary 17. The word "these" in line 20 refers to (A) golden eagles (B) generations (C) winds (D) nests 18. The word "load" in line 23 is closest in meaning to (A) weight (B) number (C) section (D) level 19. The author mentions twenty percent in line 23 to indicate that (A) eagles are twenty percent bigger than most birds (B) twenty percent of all nests include foundation branches (C) the nests of eagles are twenty percent of larger than those of other birds (D) birds can carry twenty percent of their own weight Câu 7 Printmaking is the generic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and engraving are two prime examples. Prints are made by pressing a sheet of paper (or other material) against an image-bearing surface to which ink has been applied. When the paper is removed, the image adheres to it, but in reverse. Line (5) The woodcut had been used in China from the fifth century A.D. for applying patterns to textiles. The process was not introduced into Europe until the fourteenth century, first for textile decoration and then for printing on paper. Woodcuts are created by a relief process; first, the artist takes a block of wood, which has been sawed parallel to the grain, covers it with a white ground, and then draws the image in ink. The background is carved away, (10) leaving the design area slightly raised. The woodblock is inked, and the ink adheres to the raised image. It is then transferred to damp paper either by hand or with a printing press. Engraving, which grew out of the goldsmith's art, originated in Germany and northern Italy
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Facebook: Video Học Toefl-Nguyễn Đức Mùi Email: nguyenducmui@gmail.com in the middle of the fifteenth century. It is an intaglio process (from Italian intagliare, "to carve"). The image is incised into a highly polished metal plate, usually copper, with a (15) cutting instrument, or burin. The artist inks the plate and wipes it clean so that some ink remains in the incised grooves. An impression is made on damp paper in a printing press, with sufficient pressure being applied so that the paper picks up the ink. Both woodcut and engraving have distinctive characteristics. Engraving lends itself to subtle modeling and shading through the use of fine lines. Hatching and cross-hatching (20) determine the degree of light and shade in a print. Woodcuts tend to be more linear, with sharper contrasts between light and dark. Printmaking is well suited to the production of multiple images. A set of multiples is called an edition. Both methods can yield several hundred good-quality prints before the original block or plate begins to show signs of wear. Mass production of prints in the sixteenth century made images available, at a lower cost, (25) to a much broader public than before. 16. The word "distinctive" in line 18 is closest in meaning to (A) unique (B) accurate (C) irregular (D) similar 17. According to the passage, all of the following are true about engraving EXCEPT that it (A) developed from the art of the goldsmiths (B) requires that the paper be cut with a burin (C) originated in the fifteenth century (D) involves carving into a metal plate 18. The word "yield" in line 22 is closest in meaning to (A) imitate (B) produce (C) revise (D) contrast 19. According to the passage, what do woodcut and engraving have in common? (A) Their designs are slightly raised. (B) They achieve contrast through hatching and cross-hatching. (C) They were first used in Europe. (D) They allow multiple copies to be produced from one original. 20. According to the author, what made it possible for members of the general public to own prints in the sixteenth century? (A) Prints could be made at low cost. (B) The quality of paper and ink had improved. (C) Many people became involved in the printmaking industry. (D) Decreased demand for prints kept prices affordable. 21. According to the passage, all of the following are true about prints EXCEPT that they
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Facebook: Video Học Toefl-Nguyễn Đức Mùi Email: nguyenducmui@gmail.com (A) can be reproduced on materials other than paper (B) are created from a reversed image (C) show variations between light and dark shades (D) require a printing press Câu 8 Printmaking is the generic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and engraving are two prime examples. Prints are made by pressing a sheet of paper (or other material) against an image-bearing surface to which ink has been applied. When the paper is removed, the image adheres to it, but in reverse. (5) The woodcut had been used in China from the fifth century A.D. for applying patterns to textiles. The process was not introduced into Europe until the fourteenth century, first for textile decoration and then for printing on paper. Woodcuts are created by a relief process; first, the artist takes a block of wood, which has been sawed parallel to the grain, covers it with a white ground, and then draws the image in ink. The background is carved away, (10) leaving the design area slightly raised. The woodblock is inked, and the ink adheres to the raised image. It is then transferred to damp paper either by hand or with a printing press. Engraving, which grew out of the goldsmith's art, originated in Germany and northern Italy in the middle of the fifteenth century. It is an intaglio process (from Italian intagliare, "to carve"). The image is incised into a highly polished metal plate, usually copper, with a (15) cutting instrument, or burin. The artist inks the plate and wipes it clean so that some ink remains in the incised grooves. An impression is made on damp paper in a printing press, with sufficient pressure being applied so that the paper picks up the ink. Both woodcut and engraving have distinctive characteristics. Engraving lends itself to subtle modeling and shading through the use of fine lines. Hatching and cross-hatching (20) determine the degree of light and shade in a print. Woodcuts tend to be more linear, with sharper contrasts between light and dark. Printmaking is well suited to the production of multiple images. A set of multiples is called an edition. Both methods can yield several hundred good-quality prints before the original block or plate begins to show signs of wear. Mass production of prints in the sixteenth century made images available, at a lower cost, (25) to a much broader public than before. 16. The word "distinctive" in line 18 is closest in meaning to (A) unique (B) accurate (C) irregular (D) similar 17. According to the passage, all of the following are true about engraving EXCEPT that it (A) developed from the art of the goldsmiths (B) requires that the paper be cut with a burin (C) originated in the fifteenth century (D) involves carving into a metal plate
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Facebook: Video Học Toefl-Nguyễn Đức Mùi Email: nguyenducmui@gmail.com 18. The word "yield" in line 22 is closest in meaning to (A) imitate (B) produce (C) revise (D) contrast 19. According to the passage, what do woodcut and engraving have in common? (A) Their designs are slightly raised. (B) They achieve contrast through hatching and cross-hatching. (C) They were first used in Europe. (D) They allow multiple copies to be produced from one original. 20. According to the author, what made it possible for members of the general public to own prints in the sixteenth century? (A) Prints could be made at low cost. (B) The quality of paper and ink had improved. (C) Many people became involved in the printmaking industry. (D) Decreased demand for prints kept prices affordable. 21. According to the passage, all of the following are true about prints EXCEPT that they (A) can be reproduced on materials other than paper (B) are created from a reversed image (C) show variations between light and dark shades (D) require a printing press
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