Module 2 Modeling the Strategic Planning Process

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Edinburgh Business School MBA Strategic Planning Module 2 Modeling the Strategic Planning Process Instructor: Moataz Darwish, MBA

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Contents 1. The Modeling Approach a. The Components of a Model b. Benefits and Costs of the Modeling Approach c. A Functional Model 2. Strategy Making 2

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The Modeling Approach • A model is a structured method of thinking. – Enables the component parts of complex processes to be identified and related to each other; – Does not imply that the process of strategic planning occurs in individual companies exactly as described by a model. – No model can describe a process exactly; • A strategic planning model is an attempt to rationalize the complex processes of company decision making where the connection between cause and effect is obscure. • Strategic planning model can take various forms. • The power of the modeling approach lies in simplifying and making understandable what at first sight appears to be impenetrable; 3

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The Modeling Approach The Components of a Model • The simple strategic planning model shown in Table 2.1 represents planning as a flow process. Enablers & Barriers; Strategy Options / Choice Resource allocation Monitoring 4

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The Modeling Approach The Components of a Model • The model attempts to extract ‘a pattern in a stream of decisions’. – Criticism: • No insight into real life processes. • Forecasting must precede the setting of goals as it is impossible to set goals without some sort of prediction. – Counter argument: • Identifies the main components of the strategic planning process, • Attention should be paid to the order in which different tasks are tackled, • Provides a structure for discussing strategy issues • Providing the basis for a check that the necessary steps have been carried out prior to committing the company to a course of action. • Takes into account that the process is dynamic and feeds back on itself, • one view is that feedback is the most important element in the strategic planning process, • Means by which the organization learns by experience. 5

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The Modeling Approach The Components of a Model • The feedback process is crucial to understanding the role of the model. • The ‘learning organization’ • Logical incrementalizm’ – Company can only start with certain strategic thrusts in mind, which are general notions of what should be done in the future, – Notions are refined as time progresses in an iterative fashion. 6

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The Modeling Approach Benefits and Costs of the Modeling Approach • Benefits – Provides a structure – Simplifies complex processes – Acts as a check list – Identifies areas of disagreement • Costs – Imparts a mechanistic impression to the process – Introduces rigidity to a dynamic process – Gives impression that strategy can be derived from a model 7

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The Modeling Approach A Functional Model • 4 rows • 5 eggs • 12 boxes The General Pattern: What to doWhat to do Finding different waysFinding different ways Selecting oneSelecting one Tracking outcomesTracking outcomes Keep options open 8

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Contents 1. The Modeling Approach 2. Strategy Making a. Strategy and the Evolution of the Company b. Strategists 9

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• Who decides to do what • Prospector • Analyzer • Defender • Reactor Reference: EBS Marketing Text book. 11

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Strategy Making • The value which companies place on leadership can be very high: – Asda chain - Archie Norman; – GEC – George Simpson – Virgin - Richard Branson, 12

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Strategy Making Different individuals have different objectives, view the same information in different ways, and often act differently depending on the decision making environment. • If the setting of objectives is not systematic, is there any point in attempting to be systematic about meeting these objectives? – they are the only ones we have! 13

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Strategy Making Strategy and the Evolution of the Company • The typical company is continuously evolving, • The roles undertaken by decision makers are to some extent dependent on the stage of the company’s evolution, • Can be classified in three stages: – the small single product company, – the integrated company, – the large diversified company. 1

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Strategy Making Strategy and the Evolution of the Company 1. Small or Entrepreneurial - controlled by the owner- manager. 2. Integrated company: - owner manager still retains control over strategic decisions, - but most operating decisions are delegated through policy. 3. large diversified company: - formalized managerial systems - Product and market decisions are delegated to the heads of SBUs. 15

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Strategy Making Strategy and the Evolution of the Company • In smaller companies the individual owner plays a dominant role in determining strategy, • But in the larger, diversified company it may be difficult to identify strategists. – ownership and control tend to be differentiated, – shareholders rather than to individual owners – tendency for bureaucratic procedures – ability to undertake radical innovation is hindered - IBM 16

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Strategy Making Strategists • It is often difficult to identify the ‘ultimate’ strategic planner in companies which have developed beyond the stage of owner/manager control. 17

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Strategy Making Strategists • How managers actually spend their time? • Research has produced some information about what managers actually do, it has been unable to identify causal relationships between behavior and outcomes. • Since the activities of managers cannot be readily classified and fitted into a model of behavior, the precise role of different managers in the strategic planning process is not subject to hard and fast rules. • The four ‘eggs’ on the right hand side of the process model serve to identify several roles. • There is also a degree of conflict inherent in the different roles. – Efficiency vs. Effectiveness – Mission, Objectives vs. Controls, Rewards 18

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Corporate Governance - Definition • 'an internal system encompassing policies, processes and people, which serves the needs of shareholders and other stakeholders, by directing and controlling management activities with good business savvy, objectivity, accountability and integrity. Sound corporate governance is reliant on external marketplace commitment and legislation, plus a healthy board culture which safeguards policies and processes'. Business author Gabrielle O'Donovan 20

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