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California Science Content Standards . . . . . . . . . 330 Science Handbook Recycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 Clean Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Care of Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 Care of Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 Use a Bar Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 How to Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 Measure in Centimeters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 Measure in Inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 Use a Measuring Cup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 Use a Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 Use a Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 Use a Thermometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 Use Weather Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 Use a Clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 Use a Hand Lens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 Use a Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 1 ▶ This child is using a magnifying glass. 329
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Physical Sciences 1. Materials come in different forms (states), including solids, liquids, and gases. As a basis for understanding this concept: a. Students know solids, liquids, and gases have different properties. b. Students know the properties of substances can change when the substances are mixed, cooled, or heated. Life Sciences 2. Plants and animals meet their needs in different ways. As a basis for understanding this concept: a. Students know different plants and animals inhabit different kinds of environments and have external features that help them thrive in different kinds of places. b. Students know both plants and animals need water, animals need food, and plants need light. c. Students know animals eat plants or other animals for food and may also use plants or even other animals for shelter and nesting. d. Students know how to infer what animals eat from the shapes of their teeth (e.g., sharp teeth: eats meat; flat teeth: eats plants). e. Students know roots are associated with the intake of water and soil nutrients and green leaves are associated with making food from sunlight. 330
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Earth Sciences 3. Weather can be observed, measured, and described. As a basis for understanding this concept: a. Students know how to use simple tools (e.g., thermometer, wind vane) to measure weather conditions and record changes from day to day and across the seasons. b. Students know that the weather changes from day to day but that trends in temperature or rain (or snow) tend to be predictable during a season. c. Students know the sun warms the land, air, and water. Investigation and Experimentation 4. Scientific progress is made by asking meaningful questions and conducting careful investigations. As a basis for understanding this concept and addressing the content in the other three strands, students should develop their own questions and perform investigations. Students will: a. Draw pictures that portray some features of the thing being described. b. Record observations and data with pictures, numbers, or written statements. c. Record observations on a bar graph. d. Describe the relative position of objects by using two references (e.g., above and next to, below and left of). e. Make new observations when discrepancies exist between two descriptions of the same object or phenomenon. 331
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It is important to recycle so we have clean air, water, and land. ▲ To help take care of Earth, recycle as much as you can. ▲ When you see this symbol on something, you can ▲ You can use things recycle the object. more than one time. 332
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Science Handbook We need to keep workplaces clean. Put things where they belong. ▲ It is important to wash your hands. ▲ If something breaks, do not touch it. Let an adult clean up the broken pieces. ◀ Wear a smock or apron so you do not get paint on your clothes. 333
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Taking care of plants helps you learn about their needs. ▲ Put plants in a sunny place. ▶ Give plants plenty of water. 334
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Science Handbook Taking care of animals helps you learn about their needs. ▶ Give animals a safe place to live. ▶ Be kind to pets. Handle them with care. ▶ Give pets food and water. ▶ Do not touch wild animals. They might bite, sting, or scratch you. ▶ Do not touch things in places where wild animals live. 335
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You can use a bar graph to organize data. The title of the graph tells you the topic of what you are recording. The shaded bars tell you how much of each thing there is. What was the class’s favorite fruit? Try It Make your own bar graph to show your class’s favorite fruits. 336
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Science Handbook You can use objects to measure. Line up the objects and count them. Use objects that are alike. They must be the same size. ▲ This string is about 8 paper clips long. ▲ This string is about 2 hands long. Try It Measure some string. Tell how you did it. 337
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You can use a ruler to measure solids. You can use centimeters (cm). This is called a unit of measurement. ▲ You can measure this fly in centimeters. Line up the end of the fly with the 0 on the ruler. The fly is about 4 centimeters long. This is written as 4 cm. Try It Measure the pencil. Tell how long it is. 338
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Science Handbook You can use inches (in.) to measure, too. This toy is 3 inches, or 3 in., long. You can predict how long something is. When you predict, you guess the length. Then you can use a ruler to measure it. Try It Predict how long each object is. Then use a ruler to measure the objects. 339
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You can use a measuring cup to measure liquids. A measuring cup measures volume. Volume is the amount of space a liquid takes up. Liquids can take up different amounts of space. 340
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Science Handbook Try It 1. Find a container. Predict how much orange juice it can hold. 2. Fill the container with orange juice. Measure the juice in cups. Was your prediction right? 341
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A balance measures mass. It lets you compare the mass of two different objects. Place one object on each side of the balance. The object that has more mass will make that side of the balance go down. The object with less mass will go up. Try It Place two objects on a balance. Which has more mass? ▲ Before you compare masses, make sure the arrow points to the line. 342
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Science Handbook A scale measures weight. You can measure weight in pounds (lbs). You can measure the weight of fruits and vegetables. You can measure your weight, too. Try It 1. What is your weight? First predict your weight. Then use a scale to measure it. 2. Every month, measure your weight. Record it in a chart. See how your weight changes as you grow. 343
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A thermometer measures temperature. There is liquid inside the thermometer. When it gets warmer, the liquid moves up. When it gets cooler, the liquid moves down. Try It Which thermometer shows a warmer temperature? How can you tell? 344
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Science Handbook A thermometer has marks with numbers. The marks show degrees Fahrenheit and degrees Celsius. Read this thermometer in degrees Fahrenheit. Look at the numbers on the left side. Find the number where the liquid ends. degrees Fahrenheit degrees Celsius Try It What temperature is it outside today? 345
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You can use weather tools to measure the weather. ▶ A thermometer tells you how hot or cool the air is. ▲ A rain gauge tells you how much rain falls. It has a ruler to measure the amount of rain in the jar. 346
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Science Handbook Some weather tools help measure wind. ▲ A wind vane tells which way the wind blows. ▶ An anemometer measures how fast the wind blows. It tells the speed of the wind. Try It Use a rain gauge. Measure how much rain falls on two rainy days. 347
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A clock measures time. && &' & minute hand There are &D ' 5 minutes hour hand . ( between each number. The numbers - ) There are 60 tell you what , + * minutes in 1 hour. hour it is. && &' & && &' & &D ' &D ' . ( . ( - ) - ) , + * , + * 1:30 9:05 30 minutes after 1 o’clock 5 minutes after 9 o’clock Try It Predict how long you sleep each night. Then use a clock to find out. 348
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