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§ Basel Committee on Banking Supervision International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards A Revised Framework Updated November 2005 ThiNganHang.com ThiNganHang.com
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Requests for copies of publications, or for additions/changes to the mailing list, should be sent to: Bank for International Settlements Press & Communications CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland E-mail: publications@bis.org Fax: +41 61 280 9100 and +41 61 280 8100 ThiNganHang.com © Bank for International Settlements 2005. All rights reserved. Brief excerpts may be reproduced or translated provided the source is stated. ISBN print: 92-9131-669-5 ISBN web: 92-9197-669-5 ThiNganHang.com
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Table of Contents Abbreviations .............................................................................................................. i Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 Part 1: Scope of Application ......................................................................................... 7 I. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 7 II. Banking, securities and other financial subsidiaries ................................................. 7 III. Significant minority investments in banking, securities and other financial entities .. 8 IV. Insurance entities ...................................................................................................... 8 V. Significant investments in commercial entities ......................................................... 10 VI. Deduction of investments pursuant to this part ......................................................... 10 Part 2: The First Pillar ─ Minimum Capital Requirements ......................................... 12 I. Calculation of minimum capital requirements ........................................................... 12 A. Regulatory capital .............................................................................................. 12 B. Risk-weighted assets ......................................................................................... 12 C. Transitional arrangements ................................................................................. 13 II. Credit Risk ─ The Standardised Approach ............................................................... 15 A. Individual claims ................................................................................................ 15 1. Claims on sovereigns ................................................................................. 15 2. Claims on non-central government public sector entities (PSEs) ............... 16 3. Claims on multilateral development banks (MDBs) .................................... 17 4. Claims on banks ......................................................................................... 17 5. Claims on securities firms ........................................................................... 19 6. Claims on corporates .................................................................................. 19 7. Claims included in the regulatory retail portfolios ....................................... 19 8. Claims secured by residential property ....................................................... 20 9. Claims secured by commercial real estate ................................................. 20 10. Past due loans ............................................................................................ 21 11. Higher-risk categories ................................................................................. 21 12. Other assets ............................................................................................... 22 13. Off-balance sheet items .............................................................................. 22 B. External credit assessments .............................................................................. 23 1. The recognition process .............................................................................. 23 2. Eligibility criteria .......................................................................................... 23 C. Implementation considerations .......................................................................... 24 1. The mapping process ................................................................................. 24 ThiNganHang.com2.5.3.4. Multiple assessments ..................................................................................Short-term/long-term assessments .............................................................Issuer versus issues assessment ...............................................................Domestic currency and foreign currency assessments .............................. 25252424 6. Level of application of the assessment ....................................................... 26 7. Unsolicited ratings ...................................................................................... 26 D. The standardised approach ─ credit risk mitigation ........................................... 27 1. Overarching issues ..................................................................................... 27 (i) Introduction .......................................................................................... 27 (ii) General remarks .................................................................................. 27 (iii) Legal certainty ...................................................................................... 27 2. Overview of Credit Risk Mitigation Techniques .......................................... 28 (i) Collateralised transactions ................................................................... 28 (ii) On-balance sheet netting ..................................................................... 30 ThiNganHang.com i
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(iii) Guarantees and credit derivatives ....................................................... 30 (iv) Maturity mismatch ................................................................................ 31 (v) Miscellaneous ...................................................................................... 31 3. Collateral ..................................................................................................... 31 (i) Eligible financial collateral .................................................................... 31 (ii) The comprehensive approach .............................................................. 32 (iii) The simple approach ............................................................................ 40 (iv) Collateralised OTC derivatives transactions ......................................... 40 4. On-balance sheet netting ............................................................................ 41 5. Guarantees and credit derivatives .............................................................. 41 (i) Operational requirements ..................................................................... 41 (ii) Range of eligible guarantors (counter-guarantors)/protection providers 44 (iii) Risk weights ......................................................................................... 44 (iv) Currency mismatches .......................................................................... 45 (v) Sovereign guarantees and counter-guarantees.................................... 45 6. Maturity mismatches ................................................................................... 45 (i) Definition of maturity ............................................................................ 46 (ii) Risk weights for maturity mismatches .................................................. 46 7. Other items related to the treatment of CRM techniques ............................ 46 (i) Treatment of pools of CRM techniques ................................................ 46 (ii) First-to-default credit derivatives .......................................................... 47 (iii) Second-to-default credit derivatives ..................................................... 47 III. Credit Risk ─ The Internal Ratings-Based Approach ................................................ 48 A. Overview ............................................................................................................ 48 B. Mechanics of the IRB Approach ......................................................................... 48 1. Categorisation of exposures ....................................................................... 48 (i) Definition of corporate exposures ........................................................ 49 (ii) Definition of sovereign exposures ........................................................ 51 (iii) Definition of bank exposures ................................................................ 51 (iv) Definition of retail exposures ................................................................ 51 (v) Definition of qualifying revolving retail exposures ................................ 52 (vi) Definition of equity exposures .............................................................. 53 (vii) Definition of eligible purchased receivables ......................................... 54 2. Foundation and advanced approaches ....................................................... 55 (i) Corporate, sovereign, and bank exposures ......................................... 56 (ii) Retail exposures .................................................................................. 56 (iii) Equity exposures .................................................................................. 56 (iv) Eligible purchased receivables ............................................................. 57 3. Adoption of the IRB approach across asset classes ................................... 57 4. Transition arrangements ............................................................................. 58 ThiNganHang.com(i) Parallel calculation ................................................................................ 58 (ii) Corporate, sovereign, bank, and retail exposures ............................... 58 (iii) Equity exposures .................................................................................. 59 C. Rules for corporate, sovereign, and bank exposures ......................................... 59 1. Risk-weighted assets for corporate, sovereign, and bank exposures ......... 59 (i) Formula for derivation of risk-weighted assets ..................................... 59 (ii) Firm-size adjustment for small- and medium-sized entities (SME) ...... 60 (iii) Risk weights for specialised lending .................................................... 60 2. Risk components ......................................................................................... 63 (i) Probability of default (PD) .................................................................... 63 (ii) Loss given default (LGD) ..................................................................... 63 (iii) Exposure at default (EAD) ................................................................... 69 (iv) Effective maturity (M) ........................................................................... 70 D. Rules for Retail Exposures ................................................................................. 72 ii ThiNganHang.com
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1. Risk-weighted assets for retail exposures .................................................. 72 (i) Residential mortgage exposures ......................................................... 73 (ii) Qualifying revolving retail exposures ................................................... 73 (iii) Other retail exposures .......................................................................... 73 2. Risk components ........................................................................................ 74 (i) Probability of default (PD) and loss given default (LGD) ..................... 74 (ii) Recognition of guarantees and credit derivatives ................................ 74 (iii) Exposure at default (EAD) ................................................................... 74 E. Rules for Equity Exposures ............................................................................... 75 1. Risk-weighted assets for equity exposures ................................................. 75 (i) Market-based approach ....................................................................... 75 (ii) PD/LGD approach ................................................................................ 76 (iii) Exclusions to the market-based and PD/LGD approaches .................. 78 2. Risk components ........................................................................................ 78 F. Rules for Purchased Receivables ...................................................................... 79 1. Risk-weighted assets for default risk .......................................................... 79 (i) Purchased retail receivables ................................................................ 79 (ii) Purchased corporate receivables ........................................................ 79 2. Risk-weighted assets for dilution risk .......................................................... 81 3. Treatment of purchase price discounts for receivables ............................... 81 4. Recognition of credit risk mitigants .............................................................. 82 G. Treatment of Expected Losses and Recognition of Provisions .......................... 82 1. Calculation of expected losses ................................................................... 82 (i) Expected loss for exposures other than SL subject to the supervisory slotting criteria .................................................................. 82 (ii) Expected loss for SL exposures subject to the supervisory slotting criteria .................................................................................................. 83 2. Calculation of provisions ............................................................................. 83 (i) Exposures subject to IRB approach ..................................................... 83 (ii) Portion of exposures subject to the standardised approach to credit risk ....................................................................................................... 84 3. Treatment of EL and provisions .................................................................. 84 H. Minimum Requirements for IRB Approach ........................................................ 84 1. Composition of minimum requirements ...................................................... 85 2. Compliance with minimum requirements .................................................... 85 3. Rating system design ................................................................................. 86 (i) Rating dimensions ............................................................................... 86 (ii) Rating structure .................................................................................... 87 (iii) Rating criteria ....................................................................................... 88 (iv) Rating assignment horizon .................................................................. 89 (v) Use of models ...................................................................................... 89 ThiNganHang.com4. Risk rating system operations .....................................................................(vi) Documentation of rating system design ...............................................(i)(ii) Integrity of rating process .....................................................................Coverage of ratings .............................................................................. 90919090 (iii) Overrides ............................................................................................. 91 (iv) Data maintenance ................................................................................ 91 (v) Stress tests used in assessment of capital adequacy ......................... 92 5. Corporate governance and oversight .......................................................... 93 (i) Corporate governance ......................................................................... 93 (ii) Credit risk control ................................................................................. 94 (iii) Internal and external audit ................................................................... 94 6. Use of internal ratings ................................................................................. 94 7. Risk quantification ....................................................................................... 95 (i) Overall requirements for estimation ..................................................... 95 ThiNganHang.com iii
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(ii) Definition of default .............................................................................. 96 (iii) Re-ageing ............................................................................................. 97 (iv) Treatment of overdrafts ........................................................................ 97 (v) Definition of loss for all asset classes .................................................. 98 (vi) Requirements specific to PD estimation .............................................. 98 (vii) Requirements specific to own-LGD estimates ..................................... 99 (viii) Requirements specific to own-EAD estimates ..................................... 100 (ix) Minimum requirements for assessing effect of guarantees and credit derivatives ............................................................................................ 102 (x) Requirements specific to estimating PD and LGD (or EL) for qualifying purchased receivables ......................... ................................................ 103 8. Validation of internal estimates ................................................................... 105 9. Supervisory LGD and EAD estimates ......................................................... 106 (i) Definition of eligibility of CRE and RRE as collateral ........................... 106 (ii) Operational requirements for eligible CRE/RRE .................................. 107 (iii) Requirements for recognition of financial receivables .......................... 108 10. Requirements for recognition of leasing ...................................................... 110 11. Calculation of capital charges for equity exposures .................................... 110 (i) The internal models market-based approach ....................................... 110 (ii) Capital charge and risk quantification .................................................. 111 (iii) Risk management process and controls .............................................. 113 (iv) Validation and documentation .............................................................. 113 12. Disclosure requirements ............................................................................. 115 IV. Credit Risk ─ Securitisation Framework ................................................................... 116 A. Scope and definitions of transactions covered under the securitisation framework ........................................................................................................... 116 B. Definitions and general terminology.................................................................... 116 1. Originating bank .......................................................................................... 116 2. Asset-backed commercial paper (ABCP) programme ................................ 117 3. Clean-up call ............................................................................................... 117 4. Credit enhancement .................................................................................... 117 5. Credit-enhancing interest-only strip ............................................................ 117 6. Early amortisation ....................................................................................... 117 7. Excess spread ............................................................................................. 118 8. Implicit support ............................................................................................ 118 9. Special purpose entity (SPE) ...................................................................... 118 C. Operational requirements for the recognition of risk transference ..................... 118 1. Operational requirements for traditional securitisations .............................. 118 2. Operational requirements for synthetic securitisations ................................ 119 3. Operational requirements and treatment of clean-up calls ......................... 120 D. ThiNganHang.comTreatment of securitisation exposures ............................................................... 121 1. Calculation of capital requirements ............................................................. 121 (i) Deduction ............................................................................................. 121 (ii) Implicit support ..................................................................................... 121 2. Operational requirements for use of external credit assessments .............. 121 3. Standardised approach for securitisation exposures .................................. 122 (i) Scope .................................................................................................... 122 (ii) Risk weights ......................................................................................... 122 (iii) Exceptions to general treatment of unrated securitisation exposures .. 123 (iv) Credit conversion factors for off-balance sheet exposures .................. 124 (v) Treatment of credit risk mitigation for securitisation exposures ........... 125 (vi) Capital requirement for early amortisation provisions .......................... 126 (vii) Determination of CCFs for controlled early amortisation features ....... 127 (viii) Determination of CCFs for non-controlled early amortisation features 128 iv ThiNganHang.com
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4. Internal ratings-based approach for securitisation exposures .................... 129 (i) Scope ................................................................................................... 129 (ii) Hierarchy of approaches ...................................................................... 130 (iii) Maximum capital requirement .............................................................. 130 (iv) Ratings-Based Approach (RBA) .......................................................... 130 (v) Internal Assessment Approach (IAA) ................................................... 132 (vi) Supervisory Formula (SF) .................................................................... 135 (vii) Liquidity facilities ................................................................................... 138 (viii) Treatment of overlapping exposures ................................................... 138 (ix) Eligible servicer cash advance facilities ............................................... 139 (x) Treatment of credit risk mitigation for securitisation exposures ........... 139 (xi) Capital requirement for early amortisation provisions .......................... 139 V. Operational Risk ....................................................................................................... 140 A. Definition of operational risk .............................................................................. 140 B. The measurement methodologies ..................................................................... 140 1. The Basic Indicator Approach ..................................................................... 140 2. The Standardised Approach ....................................................................... 142 3. Advanced Measurement Approaches (AMA) .............................................. 143 C. Qualifying criteria ................................................................................................ 144 1. The Standardised Approach ........................................................................ 144 2. Advanced Measurement Approaches (AMA) .............................................. 145 (i) General standards ................................................................................ 145 (ii) Qualitative standards ............................................................................ 146 (iii) Quantitative standards ......................................................................... 147 (iv) Risk mitigation....................................................................................... 151 D. Partial use........................................................................................................... 152 VI. Trading book issues .................................................................................................. 153 A. Definition of the trading book ............................................................................. 153 B. Prudent valuation guidance ............................................................................... 155 1. Systems and controls ................................................................................. 155 2. Valuation methodologies ............................................................................ 155 (i) Marking to market ................................................................................ 155 (ii) Marking to model ................................................................................. 156 (iii) Independent price verification .............................................................. 156 3. Valuation adjustments or reserves .............................................................. 157 C. Treatment of counterparty credit risk in the trading book ................................... 157 D. Trading book capital treatment for specific risk under the standardised methodology ...................................................................................................... 159 1. Specific risk capital charges for issuer risk ................................................. 159 2. Specific risk rules for unrated debt securities ............................................. 159 Part 3: The Second PillarThiNganHang.com4.3. Specific risk capital charges for positions hedged by credit derivatives .....Specific risk rules for non-qualifying issuers ...............................................─ Supervisory Review Process ......................................... 160162160 I. Importance of supervisory review ............................................................................. 162 II. Four key principles of supervisory review ................................................................. 163 Principle 1 .............................................................................................................. 163 1. Board and senior management oversight ................................................... 163 2. Sound capital assessment .......................................................................... 164 3. Comprehensive assessment of risks .......................................................... 164 4. Monitoring and reporting ............................................................................. 166 5. Internal control review ................................................................................. 167 Principle 2 .............................................................................................................. 167 ThiNganHang.com v
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1. Review of adequacy of risk assessment ..................................................... 168 2. Assessment of capital adequacy ................................................................. 168 3. Assessment of the control environment ...................................................... 168 4. Supervisory review of compliance with minimum standards ....................... 168 5. Supervisory response ................................................................................. 169 Principle 3 .............................................................................................................. 169 Principle 4 .............................................................................................................. 170 III. Specific issues to be addressed under the supervisory review process ................... 170 A. Interest rate risk in the banking book ................................................................. 170 B. Credit risk ........................................................................................................... 171 1. Stress tests under the IRB approaches ...................................................... 171 2. Definition of default ..................................................................................... 171 3. Residual risk ................................................................................................ 171 4. Credit concentration risk ............................................................................. 172 5. Counterparty credit risk ............................................................................... 173 C. Operational risk .................................................................................................. 175 D. Market risk .......................................................................................................... 175 1. Policies and procedures for trading book eligibility ..................................... 175 2. Valuation ..................................................................................................... 176 3. Stress testing under the internal models approach ..................................... 176 4. Specific risk modelling under the internal models approach ....................... 176 IV. Other aspects of the supervisory review process ..................................................... 177 A. Supervisory transparency and accountability ..................................................... 177 B. Enhanced cross-border communication and cooperation .................................. 177 V. Supervisory review process for securitisation ........................................................... 177 A. Significance of risk transfer ................................................................................ 178 B. Market innovations ............................................................................................. 179 C. Provision of implicit support ............................................................................... 179 D. Residual risks ..................................................................................................... 180 E. Call provisions .................................................................................................... 180 F. Early amortisation .............................................................................................. 181 Part 4: The Third Pillar ─ Market Discipline ................................................................. 184 I. General considerations ............................................................................................. 184 A. Disclosure requirements .................................................................................... 184 B. Guiding principles .............................................................................................. 184 C. Achieving appropriate disclosure ....................................................................... 184 D. Interaction with accounting disclosures .............................................................. 185 E. Materiality ........................................................................................................... 185 F. ThiNganHang.comFrequency ........................................................................................................... 186 G. Proprietary and confidential information.............................................................. 186 II. The disclosure requirements...................................................................................... 186 A. General disclosure principle................................................................................ 187 B. Scope of application............................................................................................ 187 C. Capital .............................................................................................................. 188 D. Risk exposure and assessment .......................................................................... 189 1. General qualitative disclosure requirement.................................................. 190 2. Credit risk ..................................................................................................... 190 3. Market risk.................................................................................................... 198 4. Operational risk ............................................................................................ 199 5. Equities ....................................................................................................... 200 6. Interest rate risk in the banking book ........................................................... 200 vi ThiNganHang.com
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Annex 1: The 15% of Tier 1 Limit on Innovative Instruments .......................................... 201 Annex 2: Standardised Approach ─ Implementing the Mapping Process ....................... 202 Annex 3: Capital treatment for failed trades and non-DvP transactions ......................... 206 Annex 4: Treatment of counterparty credit risk and cross-product netting ..................... 208 Annex 5: Illustrative IRB Risk Weights ............................................................................ 229 Annex 6: Supervisory Slotting Criteria for Specialised Lending....................................... 231 Annex 7: Illustrative Examples: Calculating the Effect of Credit Risk Mitigation under Supervisory Formula ........................................................................................ 250 Annex 8: Mapping of Business Lines............................................................................... 254 Annex 9: Detailed Loss Event Type Classification .......................................................... 257 Annex 10:Overview of Methodologies for the Capital Treatment of Transactions Secured by Financial Collateral under the Standardised and IRB Approaches.............. 259 Annex 11:The Simplified Standardised Approach ............................................................ 261 ThiNganHang.com ThiNganHang.com vii
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Abbreviations ABCP Asset-backed commercial paper ADC Acquisition, development and construction AMA Advanced measurement approaches ASA Alternative standardised approach CCF Credit conversion factor CCR Counterparty credit risk CDR Cumulative default rate CEM Current exposure method CF Commodities finance CMV Current market value CRM Credit risk mitigation DvP Delivery-versus-payment EAD Exposure at default ECA Export credit agency ECAI External credit assessment institution EL Expected loss EPE Expected positive exposure FMI Future margin income HVCRE High-volatility commercial real estate IAA Internal assessment approach IMM Internal model method IPRE Income-producing real estate I/O Interest-only strips IRB Internal ratings-based LGD Loss given default MThiNganHang.comEffective maturity MDB Multilateral development bank NIF Note issuance facility OF Object finance PD Probability of default PF Project finance PSE Public sector entity PvP Payment-versus-payment QRRE Qualifying revolving retail exposures RBA Ratings-based approach ThiNganHang.com ix
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RUF Revolving underwriting facility SF Supervisory formula SFT Securities financing transaction SL Specialised lending SM Standard method SME Small- and medium-sized entity SPE Special purpose entity UCITS Undertakings for collective investments in transferable securities UL Unexpected loss ThiNganHang.com x ThiNganHang.com
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International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards: A Revised Framework (updated November 2005) Introduction 1. This report presents the outcome of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision’s (“the Committee”)1 work over recent years to secure international convergence on revisions to supervisory regulations governing the capital adequacy of internationally active banks. Following the publication of the Committee’s first round of proposals for revising the capital adequacy framework in June 1999, an extensive consultative process was set in train in all member countries and the proposals were also circulated to supervisory authorities worldwide. The Committee subsequently released additional proposals for consultation in January 2001 and April 2003 and furthermore conducted three quantitative impact studies related to its proposals. As a result of these efforts, many valuable improvements have been made to the original proposals. The present paper is now a statement of the Committee agreed by all its members. It sets out the details of the agreed Framework for measuring capital adequacy and the minimum standard to be achieved which the national supervisory authorities represented on the Committee will propose for adoption in their respective countries. This Framework and the standard it contains have been endorsed by the Central Bank Governors and Heads of Banking Supervision of the Group of Ten countries. 2. The Committee expects its members to move forward with the appropriate adoption procedures in their respective countries. In a number of instances, these procedures will include additional impact assessments of the Committee’s Framework as well as further opportunities for comments by interested parties to be provided to national authorities. The Committee intends the Framework set out here to be available for implementation as of year- end 2006. However, the Committee feels that one further year of impact studies or parallel calculations will be needed for the most advanced approaches, and these therefore will be available for implementation as of year-end 2007. More details on the transition to the revised Framework and its relevance to particular approaches are set out in paragraphs 45 to 49. 3. This document is being circulated to supervisory authorities worldwide with a view to encouraging them to consider adopting this revised Framework at such time as they believe is consistent with their broader supervisory priorities. While the revised Framework has been designed to provide options for banks and banking systems worldwide, the Committee acknowledges that moving toward its adoption in the near future may not be a first priority forThiNganHang.com all non-G10 supervisory authorities in terms of what is needed to strengthen their supervision. Where this is the case, each national supervisor should consider carefully the benefits of the revised Framework in the context of its domestic banking system when developing a timetable and approach to implementation. 1 The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision is a committee of banking supervisory authorities that was established by the central bank governors of the Group of Ten countries in 1975. It consists of senior representatives of bank supervisory authorities and central banks from Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It usually meets at the Bank for International Settlements in Basel, where its permanent Secretariat is located. ThiNganHang.com 1
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4. The fundamental objective of the Committee’s work to revise the 1988 Accord2 has been to develop a framework that would further strengthen the soundness and stability of the international banking system while maintaining sufficient consistency that capital adequacy regulation will not be a significant source of competitive inequality among internationally active banks. The Committee believes that the revised Framework will promote the adoption of stronger risk management practices by the banking industry, and views this as one of its major benefits. The Committee notes that, in their comments on the proposals, banks and other interested parties have welcomed the concept and rationale of the three pillars (minimum capital requirements, supervisory review, and market discipline) approach on which the revised Framework is based. More generally, they have expressed support for improving capital regulation to take into account changes in banking and risk management practices while at the same time preserving the benefits of a framework that can be applied as uniformly as possible at the national level. 5. In developing the revised Framework, the Committee has sought to arrive at significantly more risk-sensitive capital requirements that are conceptually sound and at the same time pay due regard to particular features of the present supervisory and accounting systems in individual member countries. It believes that this objective has been achieved. The Committee is also retaining key elements of the 1988 capital adequacy framework, including the general requirement for banks to hold total capital equivalent to at least 8% of their risk-weighted assets; the basic structure of the 1996 Market Risk Amendment regarding the treatment of market risk; and the definition of eligible capital. 6. A significant innovation of the revised Framework is the greater use of assessments of risk provided by banks’ internal systems as inputs to capital calculations. In taking this step, the Committee is also putting forward a detailed set of minimum requirements designed to ensure the integrity of these internal risk assessments. It is not the Committee’s intention to dictate the form or operational detail of banks’ risk management policies and practices. Each supervisor will develop a set of review procedures for ensuring that banks’ systems and controls are adequate to serve as the basis for the capital calculations. Supervisors will need to exercise sound judgements when determining a bank’s state of readiness, particularly during the implementation process. The Committee expects national supervisors will focus on compliance with the minimum requirements as a means of ensuring the overall integrity of a bank’s ability to provide prudential inputs to the capital calculations and not as an end in itself. 7. The revised Framework provides a range of options for determining the capital requirements for credit risk and operational risk to allow banks and supervisors to select approaches that are most appropriate for their operations and their financial market infrastructure. In addition, the Framework also allows for a limited degree of national discretion in the way in which each of these options may be applied, to adapt the standards to differentThiNganHang.comconditions of national markets. These features, however, will necessitate substantial efforts by national authorities to ensure sufficient consistency in application. The Committee intends to monitor and review the application of the Framework in the period ahead with a view to achieving even greater consistency. In particular, its Accord Implementation Group (AIG) was established to promote consistency in the Framework’s application by encouraging supervisors to exchange information on implementation approaches. 2 International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards, Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (July 1988), as amended. 2 ThiNganHang.com
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8. The Committee has also recognised that home country supervisors have an important role in leading the enhanced cooperation between home and host country supervisors that will be required for effective implementation. The AIG is developing practical arrangements for cooperation and coordination that reduce implementation burden on banks and conserve supervisory resources. Based on the work of the AIG, and based on its interactions with supervisors and the industry, the Committee has issued general principles for the cross-border implementation of the revised Framework and more focused principles for the recognition of operational risk capital charges under advanced measurement approaches for home and host supervisors. 9. It should be stressed that the revised Framework is designed to establish minimum levels of capital for internationally active banks. As under the 1988 Accord, national authorities will be free to adopt arrangements that set higher levels of minimum capital. Moreover, they are free to put in place supplementary measures of capital adequacy for the banking organisations they charter. National authorities may use a supplementary capital measure as a way to address, for example, the potential uncertainties in the accuracy of the measure of risk exposures inherent in any capital rule or to constrain the extent to which an organisation may fund itself with debt. Where a jurisdiction employs a supplementary capital measure (such as a leverage ratio or a large exposure limit) in conjunction with the measure set forth in this Framework, in some instances the capital required under the supplementary measure may be more binding. More generally, under the second pillar, supervisors should expect banks to operate above minimum regulatory capital levels. 10. The revised Framework is more risk sensitive than the 1988 Accord, but countries where risks in the local banking market are relatively high nonetheless need to consider if banks should be required to hold additional capital over and above the Basel minimum. This is particularly the case with the more broad brush standardised approach, but, even in the case of the internal ratings-based (IRB) approach, the risk of major loss events may be higher than allowed for in this Framework. 11. The Committee also wishes to highlight the need for banks and supervisors to give appropriate attention to the second (supervisory review) and third (market discipline) pillars of the revised Framework. It is critical that the minimum capital requirements of the first pillar be accompanied by a robust implementation of the second, including efforts by banks to assess their capital adequacy and by supervisors to review such assessments. In addition, the disclosures provided under the third pillar of this Framework will be essential in ensuring that market discipline is an effective complement to the other two pillars. 12. The Committee is aware that interactions between regulatory and accounting approaches at both the national and international level can have significant consequences for the comparability of the resulting measures of capital adequacy and for the costs associated with the implementation of these approaches. The Committee believes that itsThiNganHang.com decisions with respect to unexpected and expected losses represent a major step forward in this regard. The Committee and its members intend to continue playing a pro-active role in the dialogue with accounting authorities in an effort to reduce, wherever possible, inappropriate disparities between regulatory and accounting standards. 13. The revised Framework presented here reflects several significant changes relative to the Committee’s most recent consultative proposal in April 2003. A number of these changes have already been described in the Committee’s press statements of October 2003, January 2004 and May 2004. These include the changes in the approach to the treatment of expected losses (EL) and unexpected losses (UL) and to the treatment of securitisation exposures. In addition to these, changes in the treatments of credit risk mitigation and qualifying revolving retail exposures, among others, are also being incorporated. The Committee also has sought to clarify its expectations regarding the need for banks using the ThiNganHang.com 3
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advanced IRB approach to incorporate the effects arising from economic downturns into their loss-given-default (LGD) parameters. 14. The Committee believes it is important to reiterate its objectives regarding the overall level of minimum capital requirements. These are to broadly maintain the aggregate level of such requirements, while also providing incentives to adopt the more advanced risk-sensitive approaches of the revised Framework. The Committee has confirmed the need to further review the calibration of the revised Framework prior to its implementation. Should the information available at the time of such review reveal that the Committee’s objectives on overall capital would not be achieved, the Committee is prepared to take actions necessary to address the situation. In particular, and consistent with the principle that such actions should be separated from the design of the Framework itself, this would entail the application of a single scaling factor ─ which could be either greater than or less than one ─ to the IRB capital requirement resulting from the revised Framework. The current best estimate of the scaling factor using Quantitative Impact Study 3 data adjusted for the EL-UL decisions is 1.06. The final determination of any scaling factor will be based on the parallel running results, which will reflect all of the elements of the Framework to be implemented. 15. The Committee has designed the revised Framework to be a more forward-looking approach to capital adequacy supervision, one that has the capacity to evolve with time. This evolution is necessary to ensure that the Framework keeps pace with market developments and advances in risk management practices, and the Committee intends to monitor these developments and to make revisions when necessary. In this regard, the Committee has benefited greatly from its frequent interactions with industry participants and looks forward to enhanced opportunities for dialogue. The Committee also intends to keep the industry apprised of its future work agenda. 16. In July 2005, the Committee published additional guidance in the document The Application of Basel II to Treading Activities and the Treatment of Double Default Effects. That guidance was developed jointly with the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) and demonstrates the capacity of the revised Framework to evolve with time. It refined the treatments of counterparty credit risk, double default effects, short- term maturity adjustment and failed transactions, and improved the trading book regime.3 17. One area where the Committee intends to undertake additional work of a longer- term nature is in relation to the definition of eligible capital. One motivation for this is the fact that the changes in the treatment of expected and unexpected losses and related changes in the treatment of provisions in the Framework set out here generally tend to reduce Tier 1 capital requirements relative to total capital requirements. Moreover, converging on a uniform international capital standard under this Framework will ultimately require the identification of an agreed set of capital instruments that are available to absorb unanticipated losses on a going-concern basis. The Committee announced its intention to review the definition ofThiNganHang.com capital as a follow-up to the revised approach to Tier 1 eligibility as announced in its October 1998 press release, “Instruments eligible for inclusion in Tier 1 capital”. It will explore further issues surrounding the definition of regulatory capital, but does not intend to propose changes as a result of this longer-term review prior to the implementation of the revised Framework set out in this document. In the meantime, the Committee will continue its efforts 3 The additional guidance does not modify the definition of trading book set forth in the revised Framework. Rather, it focuses on policies and procedures that banks must have in place to book exposures in their trading book. However, it is the Committee’s view that, at the present time, open equity stakes in hedge funds, private equity investments and real estate holdings do not meet the definition of trading book, owing to significant constraints on the ability of banks to liquidate these positions and value them reliably on a daily basis. 4 ThiNganHang.com
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to ensure the consistent application of its 1998 decisions regarding the composition of regulatory capital across jurisdictions. 18. The Committee also seeks to continue to engage the banking industry in a discussion of prevailing risk management practices, including those practices aiming to produce quantified measures of risk and economic capital. Over the last decade, a number of banking organisations have invested resources in modelling the credit risk arising from their significant business operations. Such models are intended to assist banks in quantifying, aggregating and managing credit risk across geographic and product lines. While the Framework presented in this document stops short of allowing the results of such credit risk models to be used for regulatory capital purposes, the Committee recognises the importance of continued active dialogue regarding both the performance of such models and their comparability across banks. Moreover, the Committee believes that a successful implementation of the revised Framework will provide banks and supervisors with critical experience necessary to address such challenges. The Committee understands that the IRB approach represents a point on the continuum between purely regulatory measures of credit risk and an approach that builds more fully on internal credit risk models. In principle, further movements along that continuum are foreseeable, subject to an ability to address adequately concerns about reliability, comparability, validation, and competitive equity. In the meantime, the Committee believes that additional attention to the results of internal credit risk models in the supervisory review process and in banks’ disclosures will be highly beneficial for the accumulation of information on the relevant issues. 19. This document is divided into four parts as illustrated in the following chart. The first part, scope of application, details how the capital requirements are to be applied within a banking group. Calculation of the minimum capital requirements for credit risk and operational risk, as well as certain trading book issues are provided in part two. The third and fourth parts outline expectations concerning supervisory review and market discipline, respectively. 19 (i). This updated version of the revised Framework, which was initially released in June 2004, incorporates the additional guidance set forth in the Committee’s paper The Application of Basel II to Trading Activities and the Treatment of Double Default Effects (July 2005). The Amendment to the Capital Accord to incorporate Market Risks (January 1996) has also been updated to reflect the changes introduced by the revised Framework and the above-mentioned document. ThiNganHang.com ThiNganHang.com 5
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Structure of this document Part 1: Scope of Application Part 2: Part 3: Part 4: The First Pillar The Second The Third Pillar ─ Minimum Capital Requirements Pillar ─ Market ─ Supervisory Discipline Review Process I. Calculation of minimum capital requirements II. Credit risk V. VI. ─ Standardised Operational Trading Book Approach Risk Issues III. Credit Risk ─ Internal Ratings Based Approach IV. Credit Risk ─ Securitisation ThiNganHang.comFramework 6 ThiNganHang.com
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Part 1: Scope of Application I. Introduction 20. This Framework will be applied on a consolidated basis to internationally active banks. This is the best means to preserve the integrity of capital in banks with subsidiaries by eliminating double gearing. 21. The scope of application of the Framework will include, on a fully consolidated basis, any holding company that is the parent entity within a banking group to ensure that it captures the risk of the whole banking group.4 Banking groups are groups that engage predominantly in banking activities and, in some countries, a banking group may be registered as a bank. 22. The Framework will also apply to all internationally active banks at every tier within a banking group, also on a fully consolidated basis (see illustrative chart at the end of this section).5 A three-year transitional period for applying full sub-consolidation will be provided for those countries where this is not currently a requirement. 23. Further, as one of the principal objectives of supervision is the protection of depositors, it is essential to ensure that capital recognised in capital adequacy measures is readily available for those depositors. Accordingly, supervisors should test that individual banks are adequately capitalised on a stand-alone basis. II. Banking, securities and other financial subsidiaries 24. To the greatest extent possible, all banking and other relevant financial activities6 (both regulated and unregulated) conducted within a group containing an internationally active bank will be captured through consolidation. Thus, majority-owned or -controlled banking entities, securities entities (where subject to broadly similar regulation or where securities activities are deemed banking activities) and other financial entities7 should generally be fully consolidated. 25. Supervisors will assess the appropriateness of recognising in consolidated capital the minority interests that arise from the consolidation of less than wholly owned banking, 4 ThiNganHang.comA holding company that is a parent of a banking group may itself have a parent holding company. In somestructures, this parent holding company may not be subject to this Framework because it is not considered aparent of a banking group. 5 As an alternative to full sub-consolidation, the application of this Framework to the stand-alone bank (i.e. on a basis that does not consolidate assets and liabilities of subsidiaries) would achieve the same objective, providing the full book value of any investments in subsidiaries and significant minority-owned stakes is deducted from the bank’s capital. 6 “Financial activities” do not include insurance activities and “financial entities” do not include insurance entities. 7 Examples of the types of activities that financial entities might be involved in include financial leasing, issuing credit cards, portfolio management, investment advisory, custodial and safekeeping services and other similar activities that are ancillary to the business of banking. ThiNganHang.com 7
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