Module Three Contemporary Theories of Motivation A need is: an experienced state of deficiency that pushes one’s behaviour. examples: hunger, thirst and pay rise A motive: Pulls behaviour in a predictable direction. Dr.Ahmed Radwan Motivation is defined as: The psychological process that gives behavior purpose . and direction An internal drive to satisfy an unsatisfied need . Motivation is the inner force that drives individuals to accomplish personal and organizational goals.Dr.Ahmed Radwan Work motivation is: The direction, level of effort and extent of persistence evident in the behaviour of an employee. Need, Behaviour and Motive Dr.Ahmed Radwan Importance of Motivation  Motivation sustains behaviour and keeps it systematic and focused.  It directs responses towards the valued goals.  Motivation stimulates employee behaviour to achieve organisational goals. Dr.Ahmed Radwan Performance always involves the evaluation of a person’s behaviour on the job. Motivation is only one of several factors that influence performance. Low motivation does not necessarily cause low performance Dr.Ahmed Radwan Factors Affecting Performance Ability & Skills Motivation Resources Conditions Working Difficulty of the task Personality Characteristics Organisational Commitment & job involvement Dr.Ahmed Radwan Motivation Theories Herzberg Factor-2 Theory Expectancy Theory &Vroom Tolman B Mod Skinner MOTIVATION Equity Theory Maslow Hierarchy S. Adams Dr.Ahmed Radwan Types of Motivation Theories I. Content theory of motivation: specifies factors in individuals which stimulate, direct, sustain and stop behaviour.  It explains: ‘What specific needs cause motivation?’ II. Process theory of motivation: explains how behaviour is stimulated, directed, sustained, or stopped.  It explains “how motivation occurs”. Dr.Ahmed Radwan Content Theories of Motivation Dr.Ahmed Radwan Dr.Ahmed Radwan Level I - Physiologica