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A Note to Parents and Teachers DK READERS is a compelling reading programme for children. The programme is designed in conjunction with leading literacy experts, including Cliff Moon M.Ed., who has spent many years as a teacher and teacher educator specializing in reading. Cliff Moon has written more than 160 books for children and teachers. He is series editor to Collins Big Cat. Beautiful illustrations and superb full-colour photographs combine with engaging, easy-to-read stories to offer a fresh approach to each subject in the series. Each DK READER is guaranteed to capture a child’s interest while developing his or her reading skills, general knowledge, and love of reading. The five levels of DK READERS are aimed at different reading abilities, enabling you to choose the books that are exactly right for your child: Pre-level 1: Learning to read Level 1: Beginning to read Level 2: Beginning to read alone Level 3: Reading alone Level 4: Proficient readers The “normal” age at which a child begins to read can be anywhere from three to eight years old. Adult participation through the lower levels is very helpful for providing encouragement, discussing storylines and sounding out unfamiliar words. No matter which level you select, you can be sure that you are helping your child learn to read, then read to learn!
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LONDON, NEW YORK, MUNICH, MELBOURNE, AND DELHI Project Editor Deborah Lock Art Editor C. David Gillingwater Senior Art Editor Clare Shedden Production editor Siu Chan Picture Researcher Marie Osborn Jacket Designer Natalie Godwin Indexer Lynn Bresler Reading Consultant Cliff Moon, M.Ed. Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited 80 Strand, London WC2R ORL Copyright © 2010 Dorling Kindersley Limited A Penguin Company 2 4 6 8 10 9 7 5 3 1 177248 - 15/12 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-1-40535-249-9 Colour reproduction by Colourscan, Singapore Printed and bound in China by L. Rex Printing Co. Ltd. The publisher would like to thank the following for their kind permission to reproduce their images: Key: t=top, a=above, b=below, l=left, r=right, c=center Bridgeman Art Library, London / New York: Giraudon 32cr. Corbis UK Ltd: Front jacket, 2tr, 2br, 20br, 30tc, 31. Ecoscene: 22cb; Peter Hillme 24. Mary Evans Picture Library: 32tl. Robert Harding Picture Library: 3, 15, 16tr, 16-17; Vulcan 15. N.H.P.A.: Brian Hawks 27. Oxford Scientific Films: Anne Head 14. Pa Photos: 4. Planet Earth Pictures: 13, 19c, 23tc; Dorian Wiesel 29. Science Photo Library: 5; David Halpern 25; NASA 32br; Peter Ryan 26. Frank Spooner Pictures: 9. Tony Stone Images: Back jacket, 7. Topham Picturepoint: 12tc, 18bc, 32cl. Jacket images: Front: National Geographic Stock: Carsten Peter All other images © Dorling Kindersley For further information see: www.dkimages.com Discover more at www.dk.com
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What looks like a mountain but spits out fire? What shoots clouds of smoke from a hole in its top? What sometimes explodes with a BANG? 4
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The story of a volcano starts underground. If you jump up and down on the ground, it feels solid and hard. But inside the earth, it is so hot that the rocks melt. The rocks are runny like melted butter. Melted rock Melted Inside a volcano, rock the melted rock rises because it is hotter and lighter than the rocks around it. 6
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Sometimes the melted rock bursts up through a hole or a crack in the ground. This is how a volcano begins. 7
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The rock that comes out of a volcano is called lava. At first, it is runny and red-hot. It cools down in the air and turns into hard, black rock. Cooled lava 8
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Some volcanoes spurt out fiery fountains of lava. Other volcanoes pour out lava in great rivers of fire. Once the lava starts flowing, nothing can stop it. It can bury whole villages and set trees and houses on fire. 9
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Volcanoes have different shapes and sizes. Some volcanoes erupt with a bang. Hot rocks and ash shoot high into the air. These volcanoes form cone-shaped mountains with steep sides. 10
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Other volcanoes erupt quietly. The lava oozes gently out of the top and spreads out all around. These volcanoes are low and wide. The biggest volcano Mauna Loa in Hawaii is the biggest volcano in the world. It is an amazing 5,846 metres (18,000 feet) high. 11
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Some volcanoes erupt violently. They blast out clouds of hot ash and dust. The ash is made of tiny pieces of lava. The ash and dust shoot high into the air. Some of it lands near the volcano. It covers buildings and fields in thick, dark grey powder. 12
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At the top of a volcano is a hollow called a crater. In it is a hole called the vent. Lava, ash and dust come out of the vent. Some craters are huge and can be many kilometres (miles) wide. 14
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When a volcano stops erupting, the crater is left. Some old craters fill up with water to form huge lakes. Sometimes the crater becomes a dry, grassy plain. 15
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Extinct volcanoes We call a volcano that has stopped erupting ‘extinct’. It will probably never erupt again. 16
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When a volcano shoots out lava and ash, we say that it is erupting. We call a volcano that is erupting ‘active’. Kilauea in Hawaii is the most active volcano on earth. It has erupted non-stop since 1983! 17
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We call a volcano that is not erupting ‘dormant’. That means it is sleeping, but it could erupt at any time. Montserrat is a tiny island in the Caribbean Sea. It used to be a beautiful place to live. Then, in 1995, a volcano called Chance’s Peak started to erupt. 18
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