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The Illustrated Dictionary of Electronics Eighth Edition Stan Gibilisco Editor-in-Chief ThiNganHang.com McGraw-Hill New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto ThiNganHang.com
Cataloging-in-Publication Data is on file with the Library of Congress McGraw-Hillabc Copyright © 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 AGM/AGM 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 P/N 0-07-137237-7 ISBN 0-07-137236-9 The sponsoring editor for this book was Scott Grillo, and the production supervisor was Pamela Pelton. It was set in Bookman by Techbooks. Printed and bound by Quebecor/Martinsburg. McGraw-Hill books are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please write to the Director of Special Sales, McGraw-Hill, Two Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121-2298. Or contact your local bookstore Information in this book has been obtained by the publisher from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither the publisher nor the authors guarantee the accuracy or complete- ness of any information published herein. Neither the publisher nor the authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, ordamages arising out of use of this information. This work is pub-lished with the understanding that the publisher and authorsare supplying information but are not attempting to render pro-ThiNganHang.com fessional services in any way, shape or form. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought. This book is printed on recycled, acid-free paper containing a minimum of 50 percent recycled de-inked fiber. ThiNganHang.com
Contents Preface ix Acknowledgments xi Dictionary 1 Appendix A Schematic Symbols 773 Appendix B Tables and Data 787 ThiNganHang.com ThiNganHang.com Copyright 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use
Preface The Illustrated Dictionary of Electronics—8th Edition has been revised, clarified, and up- dated, reflecting technological advances of recent years. New definitions have been added in the fields of wireless technology, robotics, and artificial intelligence. Every effort has been made to be concise and accurate, without “talking down” to the reader. Many definitions contain cross references (indicated in ALL CAPITALS); these provide recommended additional information or allow comparison with related terms. Expressions of special significance are printed in italics. Electronics abbreviations are included in the text; the full terms are stated as definitions. While an effort has been made to avoid superfluous mathematics, equations are some- times necessary to completely and effectively define a term. Mathematics beyond the high- school level has not been used. Appendix A contains the standard symbols used in electrical and electronic diagrams. These symbols are used in illustrations throughout this dictionary. Appendix B contains the following data tables: 1. Conversion between electrical systems 2. Greek alphabet 3. Mathematical functions and operations 4. Prefix multipliers 5. Resistor color code Suggestions for future editions are welcome. Stan Gibilisco Editor-in-Chief ThiNganHang.com ThiNganHang.com Copyright 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use
Acknowledgments Illustrations in this book were generated with CorelDRAW. Some clip art is courtesy of Corel Corporation, 1600 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Z 8R7. ThiNganHang.com ThiNganHang.com Copyright 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use
A 1. Symbol for GAIN. 2. Symbol for AREA. 3. Sym- Abbe condenser 1. In microscopy, a special two- bol for AMPERE (SI unit for current). piece lens that has enhanced light-gathering A Symbol for negative terminal of filament-voltage power. 2. A similar focusing device in an electro- source in a vacuum-tube circuit. magnetic antenna. A Symbol for positive terminal of filament-voltage abbreviated dialing In telephone systems, special source in a vacuum-tube circuit. circuits requiring fewer-than-normal dialing op- a 1. Abbreviation of ATTO- (prefix). 2. Abbreviation erations to connect subscribers. of AREA. 3. Abbreviation of ACCELERATION. abc 1. Abbreviation of AUTOMATIC BASS COM- 4. Abbreviation of ANODE. 5. Obsolete abbrevia- PENSATION, a system for boosting the volume of tion of cgs prefix AB-. bass sounds at low amplifier gain. 2. Abbrevi- aA 1. Abbreviation of attoampere. 2. Obsolete for ation of AUTOMATIC BIAS CONTROL. 3. Abbrevi- ABAMPERE. ation of AUTOMATIC BRIGHTNESS CONTROL. AAAS Abbreviation for American Association for the 4. Abbreviation of AUTOMATIC BRIGHTNESS Advancement of Science. COMPENSATION. AAC Abbreviation of automatic aperture control abcoulomb The unit of electrical quantity in the (NASA). cgs electromagnetic system. One abcoulomb AAS Abbreviation of advanced antenna system equals 10 coulombs and is the quantity of elec- (NASA). tricity that flows past any point in a circuit in one AASR Abbreviation of airport and airways surveil- second when the current is one abampere. lance radar. aberration 1. Distortion from perfect shape in a AB Abbreviation of acquisition beacon (NASA). lens or reflecting mirror or antenna dish. 2. A A-B In sound and acoustics, the direct comparisonThiNganHang.comsmall error in the determination of the direction of two sources of sound by alternately turning on of a source of electromagnetic energy, on account one and the other. of the motion of the source and/or the detecting ab- 1. Prefix that transforms the name of a practi- apparatus. 3. A small displacement in the appar- cal electrical unit to that of the equivalent electro- ent positions of the stars from month to month on magnetic cgs unit (e.g., ABAMPERE, ABOHM, account of the earth’s orbital motion. ABVOLT). See individual entries of such cgs ABETS Acronym for airborne beacon electronic test units. 2. Abbreviation for ABSOLUTE. set (NASA). abac A graphic device for the solution of electronics abfarad The unit of capacitance in the cgs electro- problems. Also see ALIGNMENT CHART. magnetic system. One abfarad equals 109 farads abampere The unit of current in the cgs electro- and is the capacitance across which a charge of magnetic system. One abampere equals 10 1 abcoulomb produces a potential of 1 abvolt. amperes and corresponds to 1 abcoulomb per abhenry The unit of inductance in the cgs electro- second. magnetic system. One abhenry equals 10–9 henry ThiNganHang.com Copyright 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use
2 abhenry • absolute error and is the inductance across which a current that changes at the rate of 1 abampere per sec- ond induces a potential of 1 abvolt. ABL Abbreviation of Automated Biology Laboratory (NASA). abmho The obsolete unit of conductance and of conductivity in the cgs electromagnetic system. Replaced with ABSIEMENS. abnormal dissipation Power dissipation higher or lower than the customary level, usually an over- load. abnormal oscillation 1. Oscillation where none is desired or expected, as in an amplifier. 2. Oscilla- tion at two or more frequencies simultaneously when single-frequency operation is expected. 3. Oscillation at an incorrect frequency. 4. Parasitic oscillation. abnormal propagation 1. The chance shifting of absence-of-ground searching selector A rotary the normal path of a radio wave, as by displace- switch that searches for an ungrounded contact ments in the ionosphere, so that reception is de- in a dial telephone system. graded. 2. Unintentional radiation of energy from absiemens The unit of conductance or conductiv- some point other than the transmitting antenna. ity in the cgs electromagnetic system. One 3. Propagation over a path or in a direction not absiemens equals 109 siemens and is the expected. conductance through which a potential of 1 ab- abnormal reflections Sharp, intense reflections at volt forces a current of 1 abampere. frequencies higher than the critical frequency of absolute 1. A temperature scale in which zero repre- the ionosphere’s ionized layer. sents the complete absence of heat. Units of mea- abnormal termination The shutdown of a running sure are same as units on Celsius and Fahrenheit computer program or other process. Caused by scales. See ABSOLUTE SCALE. 2. Independent of the detection of an error by the associated hard- any arbitrarily assigned units of measure or value. ware that indicates that some ongoing series of absolute accuracy The full-scale accuracy of a me- actions cannot be executed correctly. ter with respect to a primary (absolute) standard. abnormal triggering The false triggering or switch- absolute address In a digital computer program, ing of a circuit or device, such as a flip-flop, by the location of a word in memory, as opposed to some undesirable source instead of the true trigger location of the word in the program. signal. Electrical noise pulses often cause abnor- absolute code A computer code in which the exact mal triggering. address is given for storing or locating the refer- abohm The unit of resistance and of resistivity in ence operand. the cgs electromagnetic system. One abohm absolute coding In computer practice, coding that equals 10–9 ohms and is the resistance across uses absolute addresses. which a steady current of 1 abampere produces a absolute constant A mathematical constant that potential difference of 1 abvolt. has the same value wherever it is used. abort To deliberately terminate an operation, ex- absolute delay The time elapsing between the periment, process, or project before it has run its transmission of two synchronized signals from normal course. the same station or from different stations, as in AB power pack 1. A portable dry-cell or wet-cell radio, radar, or loran. By extension, the time in- array containing both A and B batteries in one terval between two such signals from any source, package.ThiNganHang.com2. An ac-operated unit in one package as from a generator. for supplying A and B voltages to equipment nor- absolute digital position transducer A digital po- mally operated from batteries. sition transducer whose output signal indicates abrasion machine An instrument for determining absolute position. (See ENCODER.) the abrasive resistance of a wire or cable. absolute efficiency The ratio Xx/Xs, where Xx is abrasion resistance A measure of the ability of a the output of a given device, and Xs is the output wire or wire covering to resist mechanical dam- of an ideal device of the same kind under the age. same operating conditions. ABS A basic programming abbreviation for the ab- absolute encoder system A system that permits solute value (of a number, variable, or expres- the encoding of any function (linear, nonlinear, sion). continuous, step, and so on) and supplies a non- abscissa 1. The independent variable in a function. ambiguous output. 2. The axis (usually horizontal) on the graph of a absolute error The difference indicated by the ap- function that indicates the independent variable. proximate value of a quantity minus the actual ThiNganHang.com
absolute error • absolute tolerance 3 value. This difference is positive when the ap- proximate value is higher than the exact value, and it is negative when the approximate value is lower than the exact value. Compare RELATIVE ERROR. absolute gain Antenna gain for a given orientation when the reference antenna is isolated in space and has no main axis of propagation. absolute humidity The mass of water vapor per unit volume of air. Compare RELATIVE HUMID- ITY. absolute instruction A computer instruction that absolute Peltier coefficient The product of the states explicitly and causes the execution of a absolute Seebeck coefficient and absolute tem- specific operation. perature of a material. absolute magnitude For a complex number quan- absolute pitch A tone in a standard scale, deter- tity, the vector sum of the real and imaginary mined according to the rate of vibration, indepen- components (i.e., the square root of the sum of dent of other tones in the range of pitch. the squares of those components). Also see AB- absolute pressure Pressure (force per unit area) of SOLUTE VALUE and IMPEDANCE. a gas or liquid determined with respect to that of absolute maximum rating The highest value a a vacuum (taken as zero). quantity can have before malfunction or damage absolute-pressure transducer A transducer actu- occurs. ated by pressure from the outputs of two different absolute maximum supply voltage The highest pressure sources, and whose own output is pro- supply voltage that can be applied to a circuit portional to the difference between the two ap- without permanently altering its characteristics. plied pressures. absolute measurement of current Measurement absolute scale 1. A scale in which the zero value of a current directly in terms of defining quan- indicates the lowest physically possible value that tities. 1. TANGENT GALVANOMETER method: a parameter can attain. 2. A standard scale Current is proportional to the tangent of the an- for measurement of a quantity. 3. A universally gle of deflection of the needle of this instrument. agreed-upon scale for the determination of a vari- Deflection depends on torque, resulting from the able quantity. 4. The Kelvin temperature scale. magnetic field produced by current in the gal- 5. The Rankine temperature scale. vanometer coil acting against the horizontal absolute Seebeck coefficient The quotient, as an component of the earth’s magnetic field. integral from absolute zero to the given tempera- 2. ELECTRODYNAMOMETER method: With this ture, of the Thomson coefficient of a material di- 2-coil instrument, current is determined from vided by its absolute temperature. the observed deflection, the torque of the sus- absolute spectral response The frequency output pension fiber of the movable coil, and the coil di- or response of a device in absolute power units mensions. (such as milliwatts) as opposed to relative units absolute measurement of voltage Measurement (such as decibels). of a voltage directly in terms of defining quan- absolute system of units A system of units in tities. 1. CALORIMETRIC method: A current- which the fundamental (ABSOLUTE) units are carrying coil immersed in water raises the those expressing length (l), mass (m), charge (q), temperature of the water. The difference of and time (t). All other physical units, including potential that forces the current through the coil practical ones, are then derived from these abso- then is determined in terms of the equivalent heat lute units. energy. 2. Disk-electrometer method: In this absolute temperature Temperature measured on setup,ThiNganHang.coma metal disk attached to one end of a either the Kelvin or Rankine scales, where zero balance beam is attracted by a stationary disk represents the total absence of heat energy. mounted below it, the voltage being applied to the absolute temperature scale 1. The Kelvin temper- two disks. The other end of the beam carries a ature scale, in which the divisions are equal in pan into which accurate weights are placed. At size to 1° Celsius, and the zero point is absolute balance, the voltage is determined in terms of the zero, the coldest possible temperature, approxi- weight required to restore balance, the upper-disk mately –273.16° Celsius. 2. The Rankine temper- area, and the disk separation. ature scale, in which the divisions are equal in absolute minimum resistance The resistance be- size to 1° Fahrenheit, and the zero point is abso- tween the wiper and the nearer terminal of a po- lute zero or approximately –459.7° Fahrenheit. tentiometer, when the wiper is as close to that absolute tolerance The value of a component as it terminal as physically possible. All potentiome- deviates from the specified or nominal value. It is ters have two such specifications, one for each usually expressed as a percentage of the specified end terminal. value. ThiNganHang.com
4 absolute units • A-B test absolute units Fundamental physical units (see into heat or other forms of energy. 2. Loss of all or ABSOLUTE SYSTEM OF UNITS) from which all part of a skywave because of absorption by the others are derived. See, for example, AMPERE, ionosphere. Also called ionospheric absorption or OHM, VOLT, and WATT. atmospheric absorption. absolute value The magnitude of a quantity with- absorption marker A small blip introduced onto out regard to sign or direction. The absolute value an oscilloscope trace to indicate a frequency of a is written |a|. The absolute value of a posi- point. It is so called because it is produced by the tive number is the number itself; thus, |10| action of a frequency-calibrated tuned trap, simi- equals 10. The absolute value of a negative num- lar to an absorption wavemeter. ber is the number with its sign changed: |-10| absorption modulation Amplitude modulation of a equals 10. transmitter or oscillator by means of an audio- absolute-value circuit A circuit that produces a frequency-actuated absorber circuit. In its simplest unipolar signal in response to a bipolar input and form, the modulator consists of a few turns of wire in proportion to the absolute value of the magni- coupled to the transmitter tank coil and con- tude of the input. nected to a carbon microphone. The arrangement absolute-value computer A computer in which absorbs energy from the transmitter at a varying data is processed in its absolute form; i.e., every rate as the microphone changes its resistance in variable maintains its full value. (Compare to accordance with the sound waves it receives. INCREMENTAL COMPUTER.) absolute-value device In computer practice, a de- vice that delivers a constant-polarity output signal equal in amplitude to that of the input signal. Thus, the output signal always has the same sign. absolute zero The temperature –273.16°C (459.7°F and 0 Kelvin). The coldest possible temperature, representing the complete absence of heat energy. absorbed wave A radio wave that dissipates in the ionosphere as a result of molecular agitation. This effect is most pronounced at low and medium frequencies. absorptance The amount of radiant energy ab- absorption spectrum For electromagnetic waves, a sorbed in a material; equal to 1 minus the trans- plot of absorption coefficient (of the medium of mittance. propagation) versus frequency. Also called EMIS- absorption The taking up of one material or me- SION SPECTRUM. dium by another into itself, as by sucking or absorption trap See WAVETRAP. soaking up. Also, the retention of one medium (or absorption wavemeter A resonant-frequency indi- a part of it) by another medium, through which cating instrument that is inductively coupled to the first one attempts to pass. See, for example, the device under test. ABSORBED WAVE, ABSORPTION COEFFI- CIENT, DIELECTRIC ABSORPTION. Compare ADSORPTION. absorption band See ABSORPTION SPECTRUM. absorption circuit A circuit that absorbs energy from another circuit or from a signal source—es- pecially a resonant circuit, such as a wavemeter or wavetrap.ThiNganHang.com absorption current In a capacitor, the current re- sulting from absorption of energy by the dielectric material. absorption dynamometer A power-measuring in- strument in which a brake absorbs energy from a revolving shaft or wheel. absorption fading Fading of a radio wave, result- ing from (usually) slow changes in the absorption of the wave in the line of propagation. absorptivity In audio and microwave technologies, absorption frequency meter See WAVEMETER. a measure of the energy absorbed by a given vol- absorption line See ABSORPTION SPECTRUM. ume of material. absorption loss 1. Transmission loss caused by A-B test Comparison of two sounds by reproduc- dissipation of electrical energy, or conversion of it ing them in alternating succession. ThiNganHang.com
abvolt • accentuation 5 abvolt The unit of potential difference in the cgs acceleration at stall The angular acceleration of a electromagnetic system. One abvolt equals 10–8 V servomotor at stall, determined from the stall and is the difference of potential between any two torque and the moment of inertia of the motor’s points when 1 erg of work is required to move 1 rotor. abcoulomb of electricity between them. acceleration derivative Acceleration (a) expressed abwatt The unit of power in the cgs electromagnetic as the second derivative of distance (s) with re- system. One abwatt equals 107 W and is the spect to time (t): a equals d2s/dt2. power corresponding to 1 erg of work per second. acceleration potential See ACCELERATING ac 1. Abbreviation of ALTERNATING CURRENT. VOLTAGE. 2. Abbreviation of ATTITUDE CONTROL. 3. Ab- acceleration switch A switch that operates auto- breviation of AERODYNAMIC CENTER. 4. A suf- matically when the acceleration of a body to fix meaning AUTOMATIC CALCULATOR or which it is attached exceeds a predetermined rate AUTOMATIC COMPUTER. in a given direction. a/c 1. Abbreviation of AIRCRAFT. 2. Abbreviation acceleration time The time required by a com- of AIR CONDITIONING. puter to take in or deliver information after inter- Ac Symbol for ACTINIUM. preting instructions. Compare ACCESS TIME. ACA Abbreviation of automatic circuit analyzer. acceleration torque During the accelerating pe- ac base current Symbol, IB(ac). The ac component of riod of a motor, the difference between the torque base current in a bipolar transistor. demanded and the torque actually produced by ac base resistance Symbol, RB(ac). The dynamic the motor. base resistance in a bipolar transistor. acceleration voltage The potential between accel- ac base voltage Symbol, VB(ac). The ac component erating elements in a vacuum tube, the value of of base voltage in a bipolar transistor. It is the ac which determines average electron velocity. input signal voltage in a common-emitter ampli- accelerometer A transducer whose output voltage fier or emitter-follower amplifier. is proportional to the acceleration of the moving ac bias In a tape recorder, the high-frequency cur- body to which it is attached. rent that passes through the recording head to accentuation The emphasis of a desired band of linearize operation. frequencies, usually in the audio-frequency spec- acc 1. Abbreviation of AUTOMATIC CHROMI- trum. NANCE CONTROL. 2. Abbreviation of AUTO- MATIC COLOR COMPENSATION. 3. Abbreviation of ACCELERATION. ac cathode current Symbol, IK(ac). The ac compo- nent of cathode current in an electron tube. ac cathode resistance Symbol, RK(ac). The dynamic cathode resistance in an electron tube. RK(ac) equals dVK/dIK for a constant value of VG. ac cathode voltage Symbol, VK(ac). The ac compo- nent of cathode voltage in an electron tube. It is the ac output signal voltage in cathode-follower and grounded-grid amplifiers. accelerated life test A test program that simu- lates the effects of time on devices or apparatus, by artificially speeding up the aging process. accelerated service test A service or bench test in which equipment or a circuit is subjected to an extreme condition in an attempt to simulate the effects of average use over a long time.ThiNganHang.com accelerating conductor or relay A conductor or relay that prompts the operation of a succeeding device in a starting mode according to established conditions. accelerating electrode In a cathode-ray tube or klystron, the electrode to which the accelerating voltage is applied. accelerating time The elapsed time that starts when voltage is applied to a motor, and ends when the motor shaft reaches maximum speed. accelerating voltage A positive high voltage applied to the accelerating electrode of a cathode-ray tube to increase the velocity of electrons in the beam. ThiNganHang.com
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