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About the Editor Marianne Tatom Letts holds a Ph.D. in music theory. She has taught at the K-12 and college levels and has worked as an editor and writer in educational publishing for over ten years. Production Monotype Production Coordinator Perla Arce-Franke Cover lIIustrationjPhotos Photos.com; Shutterstock. ISBN-13: 978-1-4190-3390-2 ©2008 Harcourt Achieve Inc. All rights reserved. This book is intended for classroom use and is not for resale or distribution. Each blackline master in this book may be reproduced, with the copyright notice, without permission from the Publisher. Reproduction for an entire school or district is prohibited. No other part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or any information stOrage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. Contact: Paralegal Department, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. Steck-Vaughn is a trademark of Harcourt Achieve Inc. The paper used in this book comes from sustainable resources. Printed in the United States of America. 56789 1413 131211 4500272944
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..................... Contents.·.·.· ...·.·.·.·.·.·. Introduction 2 Features 5 Assessment · · · 7, Unit 1: Shapes and Ptetures Unit 5: Synonyms Lesson 1: The Right Shape 8 Lesson 19: What Are Synonyms? 29 Lesson 2: Shaping Up 9 Lesson 20: Matched Pairs 30 Lesson 3: Picture This 10 Lesson 21: Similar Words 31 Lesson 4: Grouping Pictures 11 Lesson 22: Picking Synonyms 32 Lesson 23: Synonyms in Analogies . 33 Unit 2: Similarities Unit 5 Review 34 Lesson 5: Making Groups 12 Lesson 6: Joining Groups 13 Unit 6: Antonyms Lesson 7: The Right Group. : 14 Lesson 24: What Are Antonyms? 35 Lesson 8: The Right Place 15 Lesson 25: Opposite? Attract 36 Unit 2 Review 16 Lesson 26: Opposite Words 37 Unit 3: Part to Whole Lesson 27: Picking Antonyms 38 Lesson 28: Antonyms in Analogies .. 39 Lesson 9: Parts of a Whole 17 Unit 6 Review 40 Lesson 10: Picking Parts 18 Lesson 1 1: Comparing Parts 19 Unit 7: Name and Deseription Lesson 12: Parts in Pairs 20 Lesson 13: Parts in Analogies 21 Lesson 29: What's It Like? 41 Unit 3 Review 22 Lesson 30: Describe It! 42 Lesson 31: Names and Descriptions. 43 Unit 4: USer to O~eet Lesson 32: Picking Descriptions .... 44 People Lesson 33: Descriptions in Lesson 14: Tools Use 23 Analogies 45 Lesson 15: The Right Tool 24 Unit 7 Review 46 Lesson 16: Comparing Tools 25 Lesson 17: Tools in Pairs 26 Lesson 18: Tools in Analogies 27 Unit 4 Review 28 Answer Key 47 ••••••••• www.harcourtschoolsupply.com Contents © Harcourt Achieve Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Unlocking Analogies 2-3, SV 9781419033902
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.·.·.·.·.··.·.·.·.. Introduction . What Are Analogies? How to Use the Book Analogies show relationships between words. Breaking down analogies into different Working with analogies helps students build types helps students become comfortable critical-thinking and reasoning skills that with one type of analogy before they are will help them in their everyday learning ready to explore another. Students gradually and also on standardized tests. Students are encounter more types of analogies and encouraged to be creative and think outside identify what comparison is being made the box, strengthening their thinking skills between the words. Each unit also ·provides ,across the school curriculum and helping different formats for looking at analogies: them in their other life activities. multiple choice, matching, and fill in the Working with analogies also encourages blank, as well as pictures versus words. Each unit starts with picture activities to students to provide a visual connection with the type • expand their vocabulary. of analogy being presented. Once students • understand the relationships between are comfortable making com pari sons with words and ideas. pictures, they can transition smoothly into • recognize different meanings for words. making analogies with words. • read more carefully. All materials can be reproduced and Students can apply the skills they learn distributed to students to work individually, through analogies to other school subjects as as partners, or in small groups. well as to other areas of life. How to Introduce0* Students How to Read Analogies to Types Analogies Students are exposed to a variety of Unit 1: Shllpe$ and Pictures (pll;es 8 to 11) formats in which analogies can be given. Each format is explained both when it is In order to work successfully with analogies, introduced and when it reoccurs. Pictures students must understand how to categorize are used to introduce each new concept. words. At this age level, students may feel Key words in the explanations and exercises more comfortable working with pictures first. are underlined or placed in boldface type Students are asked to identify similarities in order to reinforce their importance to between shapes' or pictures that make them the analogy. Encountering analogies in part of the same group. different formats helps students become Demonstrate the skill: more comfortable with making comparisons between words and reinforces the CD Show students a variety of pictures of information by showing it in slightly animals: cat, dog, horse, pig, fish, mouse. different ways. Include some different types of each animal (dog: golden retriever, dachshund, A shark is a type of fish, and a cow is a pug; fish: goldfish, catfish, carp) and type of mammal. pictures of animals at different life stages (cat, kitten; pig, piglet; horse, colt). Shark is to fish as cow is to mammal. @ Ask students what these pictures have in shark: fish :: cow: mammal common. (They are all types of animals.) @ Ask students to identify different ways The symbols used in analogies (: and ::) to group these animals (pets, barnyard are explained in several different units. The animals, breeds of one type of animal, single colon (:) is read as "is to." The double family groups, etc.). colon (::) is read as "as." Thus, happy: @ Lead students to find different ways to cheerful :: sad: glum is read as group other items. is to as is to @ Introduce the analogy format: Happy cheerful sad glum. __ is to __ as __ is to __ ••••••••• Introduction www.harcourtschoolsupply.com Unlocking Analogies 2-3. SV 9781419033902 2 © Harcourt Achieve Inc. All rights reserved.
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Unit 2: Similarities (pages 12 to 16) Unit4: User to O~eet (pages 23 to 28) After grouping items in Unit 1, students Unit 4 introduces students to the concept of can now begin to understand how similar user-to-object relationships. items are related to each other. They can also begin to com pare items in one group to Demonstrate the skill: items in another. CD Discuss user-to-object relationships with Demonstrate the skill: students. Show students a picture of a construction worker and ask them to CD Show students pictures of a robin, a name tools he or she uses (hammer, saw, parrot, a bulldog, and a poodle. Write the wrench, screwdriver). Write the names of words robin, parrot, bulldog, and poodle the tools on the board and ask students on the board. to draw pictures of them. ® Ask students to look at the pictures ® Have students name other jobs people and tell how a robin and a parrot are have and the kinds of tools they use to alike. (They are both types of birds.) Ask do their work. Students can choose a students to look at the pictures and tell job and illustrate it along with the tools how a bulldog and a poodle are alike. needed. (They are both types of dogs.) @ Introduce the use of user-to-object @ Ask students to explore other ways· that relationships in analogies. Point out that things can be alike, such as part of the if the first pair of words are a user and same group or where they are found. an object, then the second pair of words. must be a user and an object as well. Unit 3: Part to Whole (pages 17 to 22) However, all the words do not have to be Unit 3 introduces students to the concept related to each other. of part-to-whole relationships. An important Bicycle rider is to bike as swimmer is type of analogy is one that compares parts to pool. to a whole. Unit5: S~on~ms (pages 29 to 34) Demonstrate the skill: In Unit 5, students are introduced to the CD Discuss part-to-whole relationships with concept of synonyms, words that are similar students. Show students a picture of a in meaning to each other. face and write the following words on the board: eyes, nose, mouth, ears. Ask Demonstrate the skill: students what these words are part of. CD Discuss synonyms with students. Show (face or head) students pictures of some things that ® Have students name other wholes that are hot (fire, sun, stovetop). Ask them to can be divided into parts and draw think .of as many words that mean the pictures of them. same thing as hot as they can (warm, @ Introduce the analogy format: fiery, burning). Record their answers on Finger is to hand as toe is to foot. the board. @ Discuss how to interpret the analogy: A ® Ask students to choose an adjective, finger is part of a hand, and a toe is part draw pictures of things that represent it of a foot. (tall: man, skyscraper, tree), and name @ Introduce students to the symbols used other adjectives that could be used to in analogies (: and ::) and continue the describe the pictures (giant, big, high). comparison using the analogy symbols. @ Introduce the use of synonym pairs in finger: hand :: toe: foot analogies. Point out that if the first pair of words are synonyms, then the second @ Point out that if the first pair of words are pair of words must be synonyms as well. parts of a whole, then the second pair of However, all the words do not have to be words must be parts of a whole as well. synonyms for each other. However, all the words do not have to be related to each other or be parts of the Hot is to warm as cold is to cool. same whole. (j) Also emphasize that the order of words in analogies is important. ... . , www.harcourtschoolsupply.com Introduction © Harcourt Achieve Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Unlocking Analogies 2-3. SV 9781419033902
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Unit 6: Antonyms (pages 35 to 40) Unit 7: Name and DeSCription (pages 41 to 46) Unit 6 introduces students to the concept of In Unit 7, students are introduced to antonyms, words that mean the opposite of the concept of analogies using names each other. and descriptions. In order to understand this type of analogy, students must be Demonstrate the skiD: comfortable using nouns and adjectives. G) Discuss antonyms with students. Show Demonstrate the skill: students pictures of some things that are hot (fire, sun, stovetop). Then ask them G) Show students pictures of animals to think of as many words that mean the (sheep, giraffe, chick). Ask students to opposite of hot as they can. Record their name words that describe the animals answers on the board. (sheep: woolly; giraffe: tall; chick: downy). ® Ask students to draw pictures of things Discuss with students the difference that are opposites (summer/winter, tall! between nouns (names of animals) and short, light/dark) and write the words adjectives (words that describe the associated with them. animals); . @ Introduce the use of antonym pairs in ® Have students draw another animal and analogies. Point out that if the first pair list words to describe it. Ask them to of words are antonyms, then the second identify the noun (naming word) and pair of words must be antonyms as well. adjectives (describing words). Hot is to cold as ~ is to cool. @ Introduce the type of analogy that uses names and descriptions. Point out that if the first pair of words give a name and a description, then the second pair of words must also give a name and a description. . Elephant is to !llil as mouse is to small. ••••••••• Introduction www.harcourtschoolsupply.com Unlocking Analogies 2-3, SV 9781419033902 4 © Harcourt Achieve Inc. All rights reserved.
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•••••••••••••••••••••• Features •••••••••••••••••••••• \. ~sessment ----- oote-- The Assessment N3rne----- •••••••••••••••••• ~sessment .•...... :::~.:;;:~::;:orTIPlete5each at the beginning of Darken the circle for the the book can be analogy· \as!}!!l!lt!.iSlO--· used to test students 'wimmer is to Qll9l © track 1· ~ ®race ® shoes . . before and after ~isto-- ..I. 2. Q9YiJl is to !Jm!l'l as. e giant ~ studying analogies . . ® scary ® movie s~istO--' 3 !:!Mli is to ~ a . I © problem . ® tough ® sImp e s~istO-· 4 ~ is to ~ a. © carrot . ® pear ® frull I asbQliS to-· 5 . ~istO~. ® chIllY ©warm ®fire has~istO--· 6 I,QQ.lh is to rol!J.!l!l d © nose . ® eyes ® nea i· h,,,1 fin is to_· 1 '!'!'.!!ill is to !;llL. as - © feather . ® fish ® fly !lQlll!.as~istO-· 8. ~ is to ® painting © letter ® library -. 1 ~"_)"''''''1''~ 'r ~ The Key to Lesson Page Solving box at Name _ 0.10 _ the beginning Each lesson page Lesson I: The Right-Shape ••••.•.•.•.•....•••. of each lesson .provides explicit provides an Shapes can belong to different groups. instruction in how •• example of how Key t'o Solving to analyze and One ofothe s'hapes in this «roup doesn't belonf. to understand the ~ interpret analogies. ~ Which .hape doe.n·t belol\ll1 exercises in that lesson. Th~ trial\llle.do~$n·t heiol\ll in this IJroupof ctrele s. Directions: Find the shape in each group that doesn't belong. Cross it out and then draw it In the group where it does belong. 1. ,--...., 3. 6 0 ('--J U The activities c=J 6"'*6 •• are in multiple l' formats, using 2. c=J 4. both words and The Try This activity at the end r=:] r-·...' pictures: multiple of each lesson '-../ :>.~ ----- choice, matching, ' providespractice in workingadditional -.. • . ~ NiJme tfle shapes in each group . and fillblank. in the with the type of ,iItS_-- -.....--,-_ >._ .... analogy presented ........ ..••. _",-._;lo.:"'''l,'U.~; •.••••••••••••••••••••.•."1"")--.'>1. in that unit. • •••••••• www.harcourtschoolsupply.com Features © Harcourt Achieve Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Unlocking Analogies 2-3, SV 9781419033902
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•••••••••••••••••••••• Features • ••••••••••••••••••••• Review Page --------- oate-- . The analogies are Name •. •• •••••••••••••••••••• Unit 5 RevIew .' "'~o~d that best completeS presented in a Oarken the circle for the scaffolded approach, each analogy· 1 crust: bread .: cover: - @bOOk and the reviews cover . ® paper @ butter all types of analogies 2 swimmer: pooI"~ runner:-.' k @ relay introduced until . ® sport @ irac that point. 3 kind: nice :: tender: -;- @bright . ® soft @ har 'bble .' fold: - © handle 4. bite: nl .' @ bend ®food . dentISt: drill .: carpenter: - © builder 5 @ teeth ®hammer 6 hurt: harm :: push: - © shove . ® pull @help ne . horse :: wig: - © pony 7. mane . @ hair ®down firefighter: hose :: farmer: - <IDhoe 8. @ field ® crop Answer Key The Answer Key at the back. of the book provides answers as well as explanations when needed. .e!i!..!.! J. fo~ :I.r'-tnily ,. dol"U t. 'l.t'flllL"~ I.'ools •. 1PO'ls ~ (;::~OOdlt:ldd ......r.'.,~. , J. ;;::::. 2. ~:;:)DUIPU':lddp.onOI . I., :;;:~J ~.r. ..~':~~t~~~!;:;~a. OUI /ltrrol; add ~ <ldd I...•. Ans"'"us •••.•U~'Y. ~ ~ ~ J·(.I 1·IIo'se r. C :I.b,t :II.Iunc" 1.1 '·;I,d '.l,:lIclt," I. C ~ •• A I. C r. A ~ I. C '.,t. C :I.lclssoI. "'pl'tlers I. A '-!lOI/ •. cloy '·100", ••••••••• Features www.harcourtschoolsupply.com Unlocking Analogies 2-3, SV 9781419033902 6 © Harcourt Achieve Inc. All rights reserved.
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Name _ Date _ Assessment •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Darken the circle for the word that best completes each analogy. 1. Swimmer is to pool as runner is to _ ® shoes ® race © track 2. Clown is to funny as monster is to _ ® scary ® movie © giant 3. Hard is to easy as tricky is to _ ® tough ® simple © problem 4. Daisy is to rose as ~ is to _ ® pear ® fruit © carrot 5. Cold is to cool as hot is to _ ® fire ® chilly © warm . 6. Tooth is to mouth as ear is to _ ® eyes' ® head © nose 7. Wing is to bird as fin is to _ ® fish ® fly © feather 8. Writer is to book as artist is to _. _ ® library ® painting © letter ••••••••• www.harcourtschoolsupply.com Assessment o Harcourt Achieve Inc. All rights reserved. 7 Unlocking Analogies 2-3, SV 9181419033902
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Name _ Date _ Lesson I: The Right Shape . Shapes can belong to different groups. Key "to Solvin~ One of the shapes in this group doesn't belong. Whichoshape doesn'to belong? The triangle doesn't belong in this group of circles. Directions: Find the shape in each group that doesn't belong. Cross it out and then draw it in the group where it does belong. 1. o o 2. 1- 4. I o Name the shapes in each group. ••••••••• Unit 1: Shapes and Pictures www.harcourtschoolsupply.com Unlocking Analogies 2-3, SV 9781419033902 8 © Harcourt Achieve Inc. All rights reserved.
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Name Date _ Lesson 2: Shaping Up . . An analogy is a way of comparing things. Analogies can be used to compare shapes. Key "to Solving Look at theseo 0two shapes. How are they related? They are both circles. One is big, and one is small. Look at these two shapes .. How are they related? 6 D They are both triangles. One is big, and one is small. An analogy can compare the four shapes.o 0 6 is to as is to D Directions: Circle the shape that completes the analogy. I c::::J 0 0 D 1. I is to as is to 0 I <J 2. Disto as ] is to CJ D LD D /:5y\l 3. is to as is to Make your own analogy using shapes. Trade with a classmate to solve . ••••••••• .harcourtschoolsupply.com Unit 1: Shapes and Pictures ->arcoutt Achieve Inc. All rights reserved. 9 Unlocking Analogies 2-3, SV 9781419033902
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Name _ Date _ Lesson 3: Picture This ••••••••••••••••••••••••• Analogies can be used to compare pictures. Key 'to Solvin.g p, How are these pictures related? U 0 They are both ~. One is big, and one is small.0 How are these pictures related? 0 They are both oranges. One is big, and one is small. You can use analogies to compare the four pictures.0 .: is to 0 as is to 0 .: is to Oas 0 is to 0 Directions: Circle the picture that completes the analogy. 1. ETO, is to 8as is to f 'W . ~ 2. .t;;Listo ~ as is to b~ ~~d.)~~ ~ i ~ 3. is to as fijjj is to ~=1e? ,~ ~ Make your own analogy using pictures. Trade with a classmate to solve . ••••••••• Unit 1: Shapes and Pictures 10 www.harcourtschoolsupply.com Unlocking Analogies 2-3, SV 9781419033902 © Harcourt Achieve Inc. All rights reserved.
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I. Name _ Date _ Lesson 4: Grouping Pictures . Items in a group are alike in some way. Key -to Solving One of the pictures in this group does not belong. Which picture does not belong? How are the other pictures in the group related? The carrot does not belong to this group. An apple and a bananaare both fruit. A carrot is a vegetable. Directions: Find the picture in each group that does not belong. Cross it out and then write its name where it does belong. 1.~~W 2. ~~U Tell what the pictures- in each group have in common. . ••••••••• www.harcourtschoolsupply.com Unit 1: Shapes and Pictures © Harcourt Achieve Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Unlocking Analogies 2-3, SV 9781419033902
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Name Date _ Lesson 5: Making Groups •••••••••••••••••••••• Things that are alike can be put into the same group. Key -to Solving What~,~~groups can you make? Puppy and goldfish are animals or pets. Doll and truck are tOYS. Banana and apple are types of fruit. Directions: Each picture on the right goes in one group on the left. Find the group that each picture belongs to and write the letter of the picture on the correct line. 1. School Supplies a. b·O ~ 2. Clothes !J . d. c. ~~ .:\ . ~. 3. Tools e.~ f. 0 Name something else that goes in each group. ••••••••• Unit 2: Similarities 12 www.harcourtschoolsupply.com Unlocking Analogies 2-3, SV 9781419033902 © Harcourt Achieve Inc. All rights reserved.
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Name _ Date _ Lesson ~: Joining Groups . A group is made up of things that are alike. Key "to Solving How are these things alike? A truck!. a bicycle! and a,car all have wheels. Directions: Look at the pictures on the left. Find two pictures on the right that belong to the same group. Write their names on the correct lines. .r 1.~ ~peas-, spoon 2.~ ~ ~ pen corn 3.~ .. ~ ~ shirt crayon / tM 4. ~ ,;; knife pants Write the name of each .groupnext to it . ••••••••• www.harcourtscnootsuoply.com Unit 2: Similarities © Harcourt Achieve lnc. All rights reserved. 13 Unlocking Analogies 2-3, SV 9781419033902
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Name _ Date _ Lesson 7: The Right Group . Things that are alike belong to the same group. Key "to Solving Which of these thin~s does not belon~? parrot swan mouse robin ~oose Parrot, swan, robin, and ~oose are all birds. A mouse doeS not belon~ to this ~roup. Directions: Cross out each thing that does not belong. 1. book 4. dish magazine bowl newspaper platter plate bench 2. chair s. lake sofa slipper river pond couch sea 3. sink 6. toaster sandal dishwasher boot journal sneaker oven Find the ~roup for the words you crossed out. • •••••••• Unit 2: Similarities 14 www.harcourtschoolsupply.com Unlocking Analogies 2-3, SV 9781419033902 © Harcourt Achieve Inc. All rights reserved.
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Name _ Date _ Lesson 8: The Right Place •••••••••••••••••••• , Things that are alike can be found in the same place. I I ! I I I "to Solving ~ I Key i Where are' all of these things found? ~ desk 'pencil paper crayon, board All of these things are found in a classroom. Directions: Write the words from the box under the word that tells where each thing would be found. tub bed oven toothbrush pillow dishes dresser towel food 1. Bedroom 2. Kitchen 3. Bathroom List two more th ings that are found in each place. ••••••••• .harcourtscnoolsupply.com 15 Unit 2: Similarities C Harcourt Achieve lnc. All rights reserved, Unlocking Analogies 2-3, SV 9781419033902
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Name Date _ Unit 2 Review_ . The words in each word web name things in a group. Choose a word from the box that describes the group. Write the word to finish the web. family tools sports food furniture clothes 1. 4. bread apple chair bed \ / \ / / \ / \ nut orange table desk 2. 5. cousrn aunt hammer saw \ / \ / / \ / \ uncle sister hoe shovel 3. jacket 6. pants bowling tennis \ / \ J / \ / \ socks shirt soccer baseball •••••••••• Unit 2: Similarities www.harcourtschoolsupply.com Unlocking Analogies 2-3, sv 9781.419033902 16 © Harcourt Achieve Inc. All rights reserved.
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Name _ Date _ Lesson 9: Parts of a Whole . .A whole object can be divided into parts. Key to Solving What do these parts makeup? •• Eye, ear, mouth, and nose are all parts of a face. Directions: Write the letter of the part next to the whole. a. ~ b. ~ c. ~ G d. e. o?' Nameanother part that goes with each whole . ••••••••• www.harcourtschoolsupply.com 17 Unit 3: Part to Whole © Harcourt Achieve Inc. All rigt).ts reserved. , Unlocking Analogies 2-3, SV 9781419033902
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Name _ Date _ Lesson 10:·Picking Parts ..... . ~ Parts can be used to describe a whole. Key "to Solving What parts make up a horse? Hooves, a mane, and a tail are all parts of a horse. Directions: Write three parts of each whole. 1. ~ 2·V 3. ~ Draw a picture of an object and trade with a classmate to name the parts of a whole . ••••••••• Unit 3: Part to Whole www.harcourtschoolsupply.com Unlocking Analogies 2-3, SV 9781419033902 18 © Harcourt Achieve tnc. All rights reserved,
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