Physical SciencePhysical Science by Lorrie Oestreicherby Lorrie Oestreicher GenreGenre Comprehension SkillComprehension Skill Text FeaturesText Features Science ContentScience Content Nonfi ctionNonfi ction Cause and EffectCause and Effect • Captions• Captions Changes inChanges in • Glossary• Glossary MatterMatter Scott Foresman Science 3.11Scott Foresman Science 3.11 ì<(sk$m)=bdidii<ì<(sk$m)=bdidii<ISBNISBN 0-328-13838-X0-328-13838-X +^-Ä-U-Ä-U+^-Ä-U-Ä-U
Vocabulary What did you learn?Changes in Matter chemical change 1. What are three states of matter? by Lorrie Oestreicher mixture 2. Why is cutting paper a physical change? physical change 3. Is a salad a mixture? Why or why not? solution 4. In this book you states of matter read about dissolving salt in water. Write to explain why it is a mixture and how you could demonstrate this. Use details from the book as you write. 5. Cause and Effect What causes water to turn into ice? What is the effect on the state of matter? Photographs: Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions. Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education. Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Opener: (Bkgd) ©John Gillmoure/Corbis, (Bkgd) ©The Image Bank/Getty Images; Title Page: ©Garry Black/Masterfile Corporation; 2 ©Robb DeWall; 6 ©Garry Black/Masterfile Corporation; 10 ©Stone/ Getty Images; 12 (BR, BL) ©DK Images; 13 (CL) ©Richard Megna/Fundamental Photographs, (CR) Dave King/Pitt Rivers Museum/University of Oxford/©DK Images; 14 ©Stone/Getty Images; 15 ©Doug Scott/ Age Fotostock ISBN: 0-328-13838-X Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permissions, write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V010 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05
What are physical changes in matter? Making a Physical Change Workers are carving this mountain into a statue of the Native American leader Crazy Horse. They must blast away and hammer bits of rock to do this. The workers are causing a physical change to the mountain. A physical change is when matter changes the way it looks but does not become a new kind of matter. This mountain looks different. Its shape has changed. But it is still a solid mountain. 2 3
Some Ways to Cause Physical Change Water can change its state of matter. Freeze a cup The clothes and paper in these pictures have gone of water. It turns into ice. It changed from a liquid to through physical changes. The clothes were folded. a solid. The state changed, but the kind of matter did The paper was cut. not. Water and ice are the same kind of matter. If you One kind of physical change is when matter melt the ice, it is still water. Its state changed from a changes form, or state. States of matter are the solid back to a liquid. different forms matter can have. They are solid, liquid, and gas. The state of matter can change. But the kind of matter stays the same. This water is This water is a solid. a liquid. Folding clothes causes a physical change. Cutting paper causes a physical change. 4 5
Changes in temperature can cause matter to Ice is water in a solid state. It can change to a change its state. If you boil water, its state changes. liquid. Hold an ice cube in your fist. The particles in It evaporates. That means it changes into a gas called a solid vibrate in place. The heat from your hand water vapor. A physical change takes place. The gas changes it. The heat makes the particles slide past is still a form of water. But you cannot see it. The one another. You feel water drip from your hand. A water particles are far apart in the air. The water physical change takes place. But the kind of matter is has changed state. But it has not become a new still the same. kind of matter. 6 7
What are some ways Some mixtures are very easy to separate. The coins are easy to separate. A strainer can help separate to combine matter? some mixtures. The bigger matter stays in the strainer. The smaller matter passes through the holes. A sand Mixtures and iron mixture is harder to separate. A magnet can Each coin you see below is made up of matter. pull the iron out. The sand is left behind. Putting different coins together makes up a mixture. A mixture is made of two or more kinds of matter that are placed together. There can be different A strainer helps separate amounts of each kind of matter in a mixture. the parts of this marble In mixtures, the matter does not change into new and sand mixture. matter. You can separate each kind of matter from the others. A magnet can help separate this mixture of sand and iron. How many of each type of coin make up this mixture? 8 9
Solutions Solutions can be separated since they are mixtures. Mix lemonade powder and water together. The Salt dissolves in water. You can separate this mixture if lemonade powder will look as if it has disappeared. you boil the salt water. The water evaporates. The salt But it is still there. Its particles have just become is left. too small for you to see. The powder has dissolved, Both the lemonade and the salt dissolved in water. or broken down, in the water. It is now a solution. But even these changes are just physical changes. The A solution forms when one or more substances kind of matter in each solution is still the same. dissolve in another. It is a kind of mixture. You cannot see the powder. But you know it is there when you taste the lemonade. There are many kinds of solutions. Soda is a solution. Carbon dioxide gas and other substances are dissolved in water to make soda. Straining doesn’t separate the salt from salt water. This glass of lemonade is a solution. The carbon dioxide gas dissolved in this soda is escaping. 10 11
What are chemical Chemical changes can happen quickly or slowly. Fire changes paper or wood into ashes. It takes only changes in matter? minutes. Rust forms on an iron chain very slowly over time. The iron changes into rust. A new kind of Forming Different Materials matter forms. Have you ever watched bread being made? It starts You cannot often get the original matter back after as a mixture. Flour, water, baking powder, and other it has gone through a chemical change. You cannot ingredients are mixed in a bowl. After it is baked, you easily change the rust back into iron. You cannot have bread. Baking the bread in an oven causes a change the ashes back into paper. You cannot change chemical change. During a chemical change, one bread back into its ingredients. kind of matter changes into a different kind of matter. The heat of the oven causes a new substance to form. Bread is the result. Rusting is a slow chemical change. Baking bread causes a Burning is a fast chemical change. chemical change. 12 13
Using Chemical Changes Another chemical change lets you use your CD player. You push the buttons to play it. Chemicals We use chemical changes every day. When we eat combine inside the batteries. New substances form. food, chemical changes take place. As the food moves A small amount of electricity is produced. Now you through your body, it changes. It gives your body can hear your favorite music. energy. It helps you grow. Matter can change in many ways. It can change Cars burn gasoline when they run. The chemical states. It can be combined in different ways. These change sends energy through the car engine. changes make many things possible. Chemical changes help make things easier to do. Soap causes chemical changes that remove stains. Chemical changes turn milk into cheese. 14 15
VocabularyGlossary What did you learn? chemical change 1. What are three states of matter? chemical change a change of one kind of matter mixture 2. Why is cutting paper a physical change? into a different kind of matter physical change 3. Is a salad a mixture? Why or why not? mixture two or more kinds of matter solution placed together 4. In this book you states of matterphysical change a change in which matter looks read about dissolving salt in water. Write to different but does not become a explain why it is a mixture and how you could new kind of matter demonstrate this. Use details from the book as you write. solution when one or more substances dissolve in another 5. Cause and Effect What causes water to turn into ice? What is the effect on the state states of matter the forms that matter can take: of matter? solid, liquid, or gas Photographs: Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions. Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education. Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Opener: (Bkgd) ©John Gillmoure/Corbis, (Bkgd) ©The Image Bank/Getty Images; Title Page: ©Garry Black/Masterfile Corporation; 2 ©Robb DeWall; 6 ©Garry Black/Masterfile Corporation; 10 ©Stone/ Getty Images; 12 (BR, BL) ©DK Images; 13 (CL) ©Richard Megna/Fundamental Photographs, (CR) Dave King/Pitt Rivers Museum/University of Oxford/©DK Images; 14 ©Stone/Getty Images; 15 ©Doug Scott/ Age Fotostock ISBN: 0-328-13838-X Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permissions, write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V010 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 16
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