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Math Concept Reader A Nose for News and Numbers by Linda Bussell Copyright © Gareth Stevens, Inc. All rights reserved. Developed for Harcourt, Inc., by Gareth Stevens, Inc. This edition published by Harcourt, Inc., by agreement with Gareth Stevens, Inc. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright holder. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be addressed to Permissions Department, Gareth Stevens, Inc., 330 West Olive Street, Suite 100, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53212. Fax: 414-332-3567. HARCOURT and the Harcourt Logo are trademarks of Harcourt, Inc., registered in the United States of America and/or other jurisdictions. Printed in the United States of America ISBN 13: 978-0-15-360179-8 ISBN 10: 0-15-360179-5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 179 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07
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Chapter 1: Numbers and Mountain Math Sarah reads the Sunday paper aloud. She is a reporter for her school paper. She is always looking for new story ideas. This morning she reads an article about national parks. The parks belong to the people of the United States. They protect natural areas and wild animals. Anyone can visit a national park. Sarah’s mom says that she once visited Yellowstone National Park. Yellowstone contains nearly 60% of the world’s geysers. A geyser is a spring that occasionally shoots water and steam into the air. The most famous geyser there is called Old Faithful. Sarah decides to write an article about national parks. 2
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SEQUOIA CUYAHOGA YOSEMITE VOLCANOES Sarah reads more. She learns that Yellowstone was the first national park. President Ulysses S. Grant set the land aside in 1872. It is located in three states– Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho. Sequoia and Yosemite in California became national parks in 1890. The General Sherman Tree in Sequoia is the world’s largest and reaches 275 feet above the ground! Hawaii’s Volcanoes National Park is home to Kilauea, one of the world’s most active volcanoes! It became a park in 1916. Ohio’s Cuyahoga Valley became a national park in 2000. 3
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Founding Dates of National Parks 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Yellowstone 1872 Sequoia 1890 Yosemite 1890 Sarah makes a timeline, which is a number line with dates. She will place dates in order while her brother Gabe reads aloud. Mammoth Cave National Park in Kentucky became a park in 1941. Mammoth Cave is the world’s largest known cave system and covers more than 400 square miles. Colorado’s Rocky Mountain National Park was established in 1915 and contains 150 lakes and 450 miles of streams. Florida’s Biscayne National Park became a park in 1980. This park is home to the Florida Keys, which are a chain of islands. 4
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1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Sarah creates a timeline and marks the years that two national parks were founded. Sarah draws a line. She puts a mark for every ten years on it. She writes the years above the marks. The line runs from 1850 to 2000. She places a five-year mark halfway between the ten-year marks. Sarah enters the dates on her timeline. Where should she put the year 1872? It is between 1870 and 1875. Sarah makes a mark. She labels it “Yellowstone 1872.” She marks Yosemite and Sequoia on the timeline. They are both at 1890. 5
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Founding Dates of National Parks 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rocky Mountain Hawaii Yellowstone 1872 1915 Volcanoes Sequoia 1890 1916 Yosemite 1890 Gabe looks closely at the timeline. He notices that the digits for Biscayne, Yosemite, and Sequoia are the same. Sarah takes a look and then nods. Then she notices that the place value of the digits 8 and 9 is switched. This makes a difference in the number’s value. Biscayne became a national park in 1980, not 1890. The tens and hundreds digits are reversed. Gabe says 1980 is 90 years after 1890. He writes: 1890 + 90 = 1980 6
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1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Mammoth Cave 1941 Biscayne 1980 Cuyahoga Valley 2000 Sarah adds more dates to her timeline, for a total of eight national parks. Sarah finishes her timeline. Gabe says the article needs pictures and offers to help find them. He will look for photographs of the parks in Sarah’s article. Sarah looks at the newspaper article again. She turns the page to the next section. This section is called “Tall Peaks” and is about mountains in the national parks. She reads that the tallest mountain in North America is Mount McKinley. It is 20,320 feet tall. Mount McKinley is in Alaska’s Denali National Park. 7
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Measured from its base at the ocean floor, Mauna Kea in Hawaii’s Volcanoes National Park is the tallest mountain in the world. Sarah reads about more tall mountains. Mauna Kea is in the Hawaii Volcanoes Park and is 13,796 feet tall. Measured from its base on the ocean floor, though, Mauna Kea is the tallest mountain on Earth! Grand Teton is in Grand Teton National Park in Wyoming. It is 13,770 feet tall. Mount Whitney is in Sequoia National Park in California. It is 14,491 feet tall. Sarah wants to write about and compare the mountains. She draws a table of the mountain heights. 8
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Heights of Mountains in National Parks Mountain Name Height Mount McKinley 20,320 feet Mount Whitney 14,491 feet Mauna Kea 13,796 feet Grand Teton 13,770 feet Sarah orders the heights of mountains in a table. Sarah orders the heights of the mountains. She starts with the ten thousands place. She can tell that Mount McKinley is tallest since it has a 2 in the ten thousands place. The other mountain heights have a 1 in the ten thousands place. Sarah compares the thousands place of the mountain heights, and then she compares the hundreds place. She puts the mountains in order from tallest to shortest. They are Mount McKinley, Mount Whitney, Mauna Kea, and Grand Teton. 9
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Chapter 2: Tall Waterfalls and Counting Creatures Sarah wants to do more research so she, Gabe and their mom walk to the neighborhood library. They use computers there to search the Internet for information about national parks. They also find books about national parks. Sarah wants to find other things to compare in the national parks. On the National Park Service Web site, Sarah reads about Yosemite National Park. She learns that Yosemite Falls is the tallest waterfall in North America. However, it is only the fifth tallest waterfall in the world. Sarah decides to write about the famous waterfalls in Yosemite. Height of Waterfalls Yosemite Falls 2,425 feet Bridalveil Fall 620 feet Nevada Fall 594 feet Ribbon Fall 1,612 feet 10
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| | || Height of Waterfalls in 3000 | | | | Yosemite National Park | 2500 | | | | | 2000 | | | | | 1500 Height in Feet| | | | | 1000 (Rounded to Nearest 10)| | | | | 500 | | | | Yosemite Falls Ribbon Fall Bridalveil Fall Nevada Fall About 2,430 feetAbout 1,610 feet About 620 feet About 590 feet Sarah wants to make a table that will show the waterfalls in Yosemite in order by height. “A bar graph would be easier to read,” says Gabe. “It is better for comparing the heights. It will be easier to draw if we round the numbers.” Sarah discovers that if she rounds the heights to the hundreds place, it looks like Bridalveil and Nevada Falls are both 600 feet high. If she rounds to the tens place, the differences will show. 11
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National parks are home to many kinds of birds, fish, and mammals. Finally, they look for information about wildlife. They read that Maine’s Acadia National Park has 326 kinds of birds. It has 41 kinds of mammals and 28 kinds of fish. That is 395 kinds of animals in all. They round to the nearest 100. That’s about 400 different kinds. Rocky Mountain National Park has 276 kinds of birds. It has 56 kinds of mammals and 7 kinds of fish. That is 339 kinds of animals in all. They round to the nearest 10. That’s about 340 different kinds. 12
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Kinds of Animals in Acadia and Rocky Mountain National Parks 7 28 FISH 56 41 MAMMALS 276 326 BIRDS 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 ROCKY MOUNTAIN ACADIA Sarah and Gabe make a bar graph that shows the numbers of different kinds of birds, mammals, and fish. They can use the graph to compare. It compares the numbers of animals in Acadia National Park to Rocky Mountain National Park. Sarah makes a bar on the graph for each kind of animal in each park. Gabe wants to show the total number of different animals in each park. Sarah thinks that readers will figure this out. They can use data from the graph. 13
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Chapter 3: Read All About It! Sarah, Gabe, and their mom return home from the library. They have done several hours of research and are excited about all they have learned. They help get dinner ready together while they talk about Sarah’s article. Sarah has enough information to begin writing. She has collected facts and information about 11 different national parks. She says she will call her article “National Parks by the Numbers.” Gabe says this is a good title since the article has lots of numbers in it. 14
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Sarah’s brother and mother help her finish her article. It is her best one yet! Sarah organizes her article. She chooses which facts and information she wants to include. She orders and rounds numbers. Ordering and rounding numbers makes it easier for readers to understand the facts. After dinner, Sarah sketches a picture of what the article will look like. She draws rectangles where the tables, graphs, and photos will go. Gabe draws maps and pictures of animals. Mom finds a picture of Yellowstone to use. The whole family agrees that the article will be Sarah’s best yet. 15
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Glossary order to arrange according to a rule place value the value of each digit in a number, based on the location of the digit round to replace a number with another number that tells about how many or how much timeline a number line with dates Photo credits: cover, title page, pp. 3 (bottom center), 15 Russell Pickering; pp. 3 (top left, middle left), 4, 5 (both), 6, 7 (both), 9, 13 (middle) National Park Service; p. 3 (bottom left) courtesy of MODIS Rapid Response Project at NASA/GSFC; p. 3 (right) © Kayte M. Deioma/Photo Edit; p. 8 NOAA; pp. 12 (left), 13 (top) U.S. Department of Agriculture; p. 12 (top right, bottom right) National Biological Information Infrastructure. 16
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Think and Respond 1. Use the timeline on pages 6 and 7. Bryce Canyon National Park was established in 1928. Suppose you wanted to add Bryce Canyon to the timeline. Where would you place it? 2. Cuyahoga Valley National Park in Ohio has 239 birds. What digit is in the tens place? 3. Place these mountains in order from shortest to tallest. Make a table like the one below. Cathedral Rock, 10,911 feet El Capitan, 7,569 feet Half Dome, 8,836 feet Lembert Dome, 9,450 feet Mountains of Yosemite National Park Mountain Height in Name Feet 4. Look at the table you made for Question 3. Suppose you wanted to round the numbers for a newspaper article about mountains. Which place would you round the numbers to? Why?
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