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4000 Essential English Words 1 Paul N atio n © 2009 Compass Publishing AJI rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, orotherwise, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Acquisitions Editor: fidel Cruz Project Coordinator Annie Cho Design: Design Plus email: irtfog'compawpub.tom http://www.compasspub.com ISBN: ?70-1-599oo-*G2-* 10 9 $ 7 o 5 U 3 2 1 12 tl 10 09 Photo Credits All images (D Shutterstock. Inc.
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4000 Essential English Words 1 Paul Nation © 2009 Compass Publishing All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Acquisitions Editor: Fidel Cruz Project Coordinator: Annie Cho Design: Design Plus email: info@compasspub.com http://www.compasspub.com ISBN: 978-1-59966-402-6 10 12 Photo Credits All images © Shutterstock, Inc.
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mm Target Words Page| 1 afraid, agree, angry, arrive, attack, bottom, clever, cruel, finally, hide, hunt, lot, 8 middle, moment, pleased, promise, reply, safe, trick, well 2 adventure, approach, carefully, chemical, create, evil, experiment, kill, laboratory, 14 laugh, loud, nervous, noise, project, scare, secret, shout, smell, terrible, worse 3 alien, among, chart, cloud, comprehend, describe, ever, fail, friendly, grade, 20 instead, library, planet, report, several, solve, suddenly, suppose, universe, view 4 appropriate, avoid, behave, calm, concern, content, expect, frequently, habit, instruct, 26 issue, none, patient, positive, punish, represent, shake, spread, stroll, village 5 aware, badly, belong, continue, error, experience, field, hurt, judgment, likely, 32 normal, rare, relax, request, reside, result, roll, since, visible, wild 6 advantage, cause, choice, community, dead, distance, escape, face, follow, 38 fright, ghost, individual, pet, reach, return, survive, upset, voice, weather, wise 7 allow, announce, beside, challenge, claim, condition, contribute, difference, divide, 44 expert, famous, force, harm, lay, peace, prince, protect, sense, sudden, therefore 8 accept, arrange, attend, balance, contrast, encourage, familiar, grab, hang, huge, 50 necessary, pattern, propose, purpose, release, require, single, success, tear, theory 9 against, beach, damage, discover, emotion, fix, frank, identify, island, ocean, 56 perhaps, pleasant, prevent, rock, save, step, still, taste, throw, wave 10 benefit, certain, chance, effect, essential, far, focus, function, grass, guard, 62 image, immediate, primary, proud, remain, rest, separate, site, tail, trouble 11 anymore, asleep, berry, collect, compete, conversation, creature, decision, either, 68 forest, ground, introduce, marry, prepare, sail, serious, spend, strange, truth, wake 12 alone, apartment, article, artist, attitude, compare, judge, magazine, material, meal, 74 method, neighbor, professional, profit, quality, shape, space, stair, symbol, thin 13 blood, burn, cell, contain, correct, crop, demand, equal, feed, hole, increase, 80 lord, owe, position, raise, responsible, sight, spot, structure, whole 14 coach, control, description, direct, exam, example, limit, local, magical, mail, 86 novel, outline, poet, print, scene, sheet, silly, store, suffer, technology 15 across, breathe, characteristic, consume, excite, extreme, fear, fortunate, happen, 92 length, mistake, observe, opportunity, prize, race, realize, respond, risk, wonder, yet
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Unit Target Words Page 16 academy, ancient, board, century, clue, concert, county, dictionary, exist, flat, 98 gentleman, hidden, maybe, officer, original, pound, process, publish, theater, wealth 17 appreciate, available, beat, bright, celebrate, determine, disappear, else, fair, flow, 104 forward, hill, level, lone, puddle, response, season, solution, waste, whether 18 argue, communicate, crowd, depend, dish, empty, exact, fresh, gather, indicate, 110 item, offer, price, product, property, purchase, recommend, select, tool, treat 19 alive, bone, bother, captain, conclusion, doubt, explore, foreign, glad, however, 116 injustice, international, lawyer, mention, policy, social, speech, staff, toward, wood 20 achieve, advise, already, basic, bit, consider, destroy, entertain, extra, goal, 122 lie, meat, opinion, real, reflect, regard, serve, vegetable, war, worth 21 appear, base, brain, career, clerk, effort, enter, excellent, hero, hurry, inform, 128 later, leave, locate, nurse, operation, pain, refuse, though, various 22 actual, amaze, charge, comfort, contact, customer, deliver, earn, gate, include, 134 manage, mystery, occur, opposite, plate, receive, reward, set, steal, thief 23 advance, athlete, average, behavior, behind, course, lower, match, member, mental, 140 passenger, personality, poem, pole, remove, safety, shoot, sound, swim, web 24 block, cheer, complex, critic, event, exercise, fit, friendship, guide, lack, 146 passage, perform, pressure, probable, public, strike, support, task, term, unite 25 associate, environment, factory, feature, instance, involve, medicine, mix, organize, 152 period, populate, produce, range, recognize, regular, sign, tip, tradition, trash, wide 26 advice, along, attention, attract, climb, drop, final, further, imply, maintain, neither, 158 otherwise, physical, prove, react, ride, situated, society, standard, suggest 27 actually, bite, coast, deal, desert, earthquake, effective, examine, false, gift, 164 hunger, imagine, journey, puzzle, quite, rather, specific, tour, trip, value 28 band, barely, boring, cancel, driveway, garbage, instrument, list, magic, message, 170 notice, own, predict, professor, rush, schedule, share, stage, storm, within 29 advertise, assign, audience, breakfast, competition, cool, gain, importance, knowledge, 176 major, mean, prefer, president, progress, respect, rich, skill, somehow, strength, vote 30 above, ahead, amount, belief, center, common, cost, demonstrate, different, evidence, 182 honesty, idiom, independent, inside, master, memory, proper, scan, section, surface I F v ^ jB
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About the Vocabulary The 600 words in each book of this series along with the additional target words presented in the appendices included in the first three books of the series are the most useful words in English. They were found by analysis of a collection of English course books from various levels in the primary, secondary and tertiary school systems. The words included in this series were chosen because they occurred many times in different levels of these materials. Because of the way that they were chosen, these words have the following characteristics: 1 They are useful in both spoken and written English. No matter what English course you are studying, the words in these books will be of value to you. 2 Each word in these books is a high-frequency word. This means that the effort in learning the words is well repaid by the number of times learners have a chance to encounter or use them. 3 These books as a whole cover a large proportion of the words in any spoken or written text. They cover at least 80% of the words in newspapers and academic texts, and at least 90% of the words in novels. They also cover at least 90% of the words in conversation. About the Books The activities in these books are specially designed to make use of important learning conditions. Firstly, the words are introduced using sentence definitions and an example sentence. The activities that follow in the units encourage learners to recall the meanings and forms of the words. Some activities also make the learners think about the meaning of the words in the context of a sentence— a sentence different from the sentences that occurred in the introduction of the words. Moreover, each unit ends with a story containing the target words. While reading the story, the learners have to recall the meanings of the words and suit them to the context of the story. Such activities help learners develop a better understanding of a common meaning for a given word which fits the different uses. Illustrations for each target word are provided to help learners visualize the word as it is being used in the example sentence. These word/image associations aim to help students grasp the meaning of the word as well as recall the word later.
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It should be noted that words have more than one grammatical category. However, this series focuses on the word’s most common form. This is mentioned to remind learners that just because a word is labeled and utilized as a noun in this series does not mean that it can never be used in another form such as an adjective. This series has simply focused on the word in the form that it is most likely to be expressed. Supporting Learning with Outside Activities A well-balanced language course provides four major opportunities for learning: learning through input, learning through output, deliberate learning, and fluency development. The highly structured activities in these books support all four types of learning opportunities. In addition, learning can further be supported through the following activities: 1 Have students create vocabulary cards with one word from the unit on one side of the card and the translation of the word in the student’s first language on the other side. Students should use the cards for study in free moments during the day. Over several weeks, students will find that quick repeated studying for brief periods of time is more effective than studying for hours at one sitting. 2 Assign graded readers at students’ appropriate levels. Reading such books provides both enjoyment as well as meaning-focused input which will help the words stick in students’ memory. 3 Practice reading fluency to promote faster recall of word meaning for both sight recognition and usage. Compass Publishing’s Reading for Speed and Fluency is a good resource for reading fluency material. 4 Include listening, speaking, and writing activities in classes. Reinforcement of the high-frequency vocabulary presented in this series is important across all the four language skills. Author Paul Nation Paul Nation is professor of Applied Linguistics in the School of Linguistics and Applied Language Studies at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. He has taught in Indonesia, Thailand, the United States, Finland, and Japan. His specialist interests are language teaching methodology and vocabulary learning.
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r afraid [afreid] adj. When someone is afraid, they feel fear. -» The woman was afraid of whatshe saw. r agree fegn:i v. To agree is to say “yes” or to think the same way. -*A: The food is very good in that restaurant. B: I agree with you. c angry [sengroadj. When someone is angry, they may want to speak loudly or fight. ->She didn’t do her homework, so herfather is angry. I r arrive feraiv] v. I iffm& To arrive is to get to or reach some place. -►The bus always arrives at the corner of mystreet at 4:00. I r attack [at*iov. To attack is to try to fight or to hurt. -» The man with the sword attacked the other man first. r bottom [batam] n. The bottom is the lowest part. -» Thebottom of myshoe has a hole in it. r clever [klevar] adj. When someone is clever, they can solve a hard puzzle or problem. -*■The clever boy thought ofa good idea. r C r u e l [kru:al] adj. When someone is cruel, they do bad things to hurt others. -» Thecruel man yelled at his sister. r finally [fainali] adv. If something happens finally, it happens after a longtime or at the end. —■Hefinally crossed the finish line after five hours of running. r hide [haid] y. To hide is to try not to let others see you. -►The other children will hide while you count to 100.
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hunt [hAnt] v. To hunt is to look for or search for an animal to kill. f -*■Long ago, people hunted with bows and arrows. l o t [tat] n. A lot means a large number or amount of people, animals, things, etc. -*■There are a lot ofapples in the basket. © r middle [midi] n. The middle of something is the center or halfway point. -» The Canadian flag has a maple leafin the middle ofit. r moment [moumant] n. A moment is a second or a very short time. -*I was only a few moments late for the meeting. r pleased [pli:zd] adj. When someone is pleased, they are happy. -»She was pleased with the phone call she received. r promise [prdmis] v. 1*^ ' To promise is to say you will do something for sure. -»He promised to return my key by tomorrow. c reply [npiao * To reply is to give an answer or say back to someone. She asked him what time his meeting was. He replied, “at three.” r safe [seif] adj. - ® - S ^ When a person issafe, they are not in danger. -»Put on your seat belt in the car to be safe. r trick im n. Atrick is something you do to fool another person. ->His card trick really surprised us. r well [wel] adv. You use well to say that something was done in a good way. -♦The couple can dance quite well.
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Choose the right word for the given definition. 1. bad or hurting others a. afraid b. clever c. cruel d. hunt 2. at last or at the end a. angry b. clever c. finally d. reply 3. to try to fight or hurt a. attack b. middle c. pleased d. trick 4. to not let others see a. agree b. hide c. safe d. well 5. the lowest part a. bottom b. lot c. moment d. promise Choose the right definition for the given word. 1. angry a. happy b. low c. mad d. scared 2. moment a. a hole with water in it b. a short time c. at the center d. at the end 3. promise a. to say “good job” b. to say “ I will” c. to say “the end” d. to say “ maybe” 4. reply a. to answer b. to get to a place c. to look for in order to kill d. to try to fight or hurt 5. safe a. fool b. having much or many c. not seen d. not worried about being hurt
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Check (V ) the sentence with the bolded word that makes better sense. 1. ___ a. A clever person can solve a puzzle easily. b. When a plane arrives, it leaves the ground and goes into the sky. 2. ___ a. At noon, the sun is near the bottom of the sky. b. If I break my brother’s bike, he will be angry. 3. ___ a. It is easy to hide in a dark place. b. Many kinds of fish are afraid of water. 4. ___ a. At night, your parents may say, “ Hide your eyes and goto sleep.” b. Heavy things will go down to the bottom of the ocean. 5. ___ a. It is cruel to keep a dog in a small cage all day. b. Your mother will be angry when you get good grades inschool. 6. ___ a. Animals cannot hunt because they do not have hands. b. It is a good idea to arrive early for class. 7. ___ a. People sometimes attack pictures to email messages. b. Some people are afraid of spiders. 8. ___ a. A moment is like a second or two. b. New shoes are usually not very comfortable or clever. 9. ___ a. Small animals do not usually attack big animals. b. There are twelve moments in a year. 10. ___ a. A cruel person will try to help others at all times. b. You can use a gun to hunt in the forest.
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The Lion and the Rabbit A cruel lion lived in the forest. Every day, he killed and ate a lot of animals. The other animals were afraid the lion would kill them all. The animals told the lion, “ Let’s make a deal. If you promise to eat only one animal each day, then one of us will come to you every day. Then you don’t have to hunt and kill us.” The plan sounded well thought-out to the lion, so he agreed, but he also said, “ If you don’t come every day, I promise to kill all of you the next day!” Each day after that, one animal went to the lion so that the lion could eat it. Then, all the other animals were safe. Finally, it was the rabbit’s turn to go to the lion. The rabbit went very slowly that day, so the lion was angry when the rabbit finally arrived. The lion angrily asked the rabbit, “Why are you late?” “ I was hiding from another lion in the forest. That lion said he was the king, so I was afraid.” The lion told the rabbit, “ I am the only king here! Take me to that other lion, and I will kill him. The rabbit replied, “ I will be happy to show you where he lives.” The rabbit led the lion to an old well in the middle of the forest. The well was very deep with water at the bottom. The rabbit told the lion, “ Look in there. The lion lives at the bottom.” When the lion looked in the well, he could see his own face in-the water. He thought that was the other lion. Without waiting another moment, the lion jumped into the well to attack the other lion. He never came out. All of the other ammal^Ln theiorest-were very pleased with the rabbit’s clevpriirick. ■ . . A f W i W :
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Answer the questions. 1. What is this story about? a. How a clever rabbit tricked a cruel lion b. How rabbits learned to hide from lions c. How a rabbit pleased an angry lion d. How to be safe when you hunt in the forest 2. What did all the animals say to the lion? a. They said they wanted him to be their king. b. They said that the rabbit would be there in a moment. c. They said that they would allow him to eat one of them a day. d. They said that they would hide at the bottom of the well. 3. Why did the rabbit take the lion to the well in the middle of the forest? a. So a lot of animals could see the rabbit walking with the lion b. So the lion could attack the “ other” lion c. So the lion could drink water d. So the other animals would be afraid of the rabbit 4. Which of the following is true at the end of the story? a. The lion attacked another lion, and they both got hurt. b. The lion cannot reply to the rabbit, so the rabbit wins. c. The lion finally dies. d. The lion is pleased by the rabbit’s words, so it does not eat the rabbit. 5. What did the lion see when it looked in the well?
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r adventure [adventjar] n. An adventure is a fun or exciting thing that you do. —Riding in the rough water was an adventure. r approach [aproutj] v. To approach something means to move close to it. -* The boyapproached his school. r carefully [kearfali] adv. Carefully means with great attention, especially to detail or safety. -*■The baby carefully climbed down the stairs. r chemical [kemikal] n. A chemical is something that scientists use in chemistry. -* The scientist mixed the chemicals. r create Hamv. To create means to make something new. -♦She created an igloo from blocks ofsnow. r evil [i:val] adj. Evil describes something or someone bad or cruel, not good. -» Theevil figure scared us all. r experiment [iksperamant] n. An experiment is a test that you do to see what will happen. -» The student did an experiment in science class. r kill [kiii v. To kill someone or something is to make them die. -»I killed the fly with a fly swatter. r laboratory [lsebaratd:ri] n. A laboratory is a room where a scientist works. -*■My mother works in a laboratory. r laugh [i»fl n. Laugh is the sound made when someone is happy or a funny thing occurs -►The sound of theirlaugh filled the room. 14
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£ loud [laud] adj. If a sound is loud, it is strong and very easy to hear. -♦The man’s voice was so loud that we all could hear him. c nervous [ns>:rvas] adj. When a person is nervous, they think something bad will happen. -* The boy became nervous when he heard the news. *v r noise m n. A noise is an unpleasant sound. -♦The crying baby made a loud noise. r project [pred3ekt] n. A project is a type of work that you do for school ora job. -* His afternoon work project was to paint the room green. r scare [skeax] v. To scare someone is to make them feel afraid. -»My uncle was scared by what he saw in the room. r secret [si:krit] n. A secret is something that you do not tell other people. -» The two boys were sharing a secret. r shout [Jaut] v. To shout is to say something loudly. -+My boss shouted at me because I was late for work. r smell [smel] v. To smell something means to use your nose to sense it. ->The two friends smelled the flower. I r terrible [terabsl] adj. If something is terrible, it is very bad. -* The way he treated his classmate was terrible. r worse [wars] adj. If something is worse, it is of poorer quality than another thing. -»Business was worse this month than last month.
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i^ T ilQ i Circle two words that are related in each group. 1. a. laboratory b. experiment c. shout d. smell 2. a. shout b. carefully c. create d. laugh 3. a. nervous b. terrible c. approach d. worse 4. a. chemical b. secret c. loud d. noise 5. a. nervous b. adventure c. project d. scare iifrn iQ ) Write a word that is similar in meaning to the underlined part. 1. William wanted to make a new thing, ere______ 2. I’m not having fun, so let’s go on an exciting trip, adven________ 3. Mrs. O’Malley asked me to get close to the desk and write my name, app__________ 4. Don’t worry. I won’t tell anyone your thing that other people don’t know, se________ 5. I have to finish my special job before I can go home.
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Check (V) the one that suits the blank naturally. 1. When the jar hit the floor,__________ . a. it made a very loud sound ___ b. it shouted on the ground 2. When the sun went down,__________ . a. it was scared ___ b. the woods looked evil 3. To test his idea, the scientist__________ . a. went on an adventure ___ b. did an experiment 4. Your phone will not work__________ . a. someone kills the window b. if you don’t carefully pay attention to your power supply 5. The dog seemed unhappy when__________ . a. I approached it ___ b. it created me 6. Alex likes his class because he gets to__________ . a. do fun projects ___ b. be a laboratory 7. What is wrong with your hair?__________ ! a. It is a chemical ___ b. It looks terrible 8. She’s quite funny. We always__________ . a. laugh at her jokes ___ b. don’t tell me your secret 9. Did you hear that?__________ . a. I just made it worse ___ b. There was a noise 10. I have a very important test tomorrow.__________ . a. I am nervous b. I will smell it
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