Life ScienceLife Science by Lisa Oramby Lisa Oram GenreGenre Comprehension SkillComprehension Skill Text FeaturesText Features Science ContentScience Content NonfictionNonfiction SequenceSequence • Captions• Captions AnimalsAnimals • Glossary• Glossary Scott Foresman Science 3.2Scott Foresman Science 3.2 ì<(sk$m)=bdibbb<ì<(sk$m)=bdibbb<ISBNISBN 0-328-13811-80-328-13811-8 +^-Ä-U-Ä-U+^-Ä-U-Ä-U
Vocabulary What did you learn?How Animals Live adaptation 1. What are animals that do not have backbones called? by Lisa Oram hibernate inherited 2. Name two animals that are vertebrates. larva 3. What does camouflage do? migrate 4. You have read about behaviors that help animals. Write to explain pupa how an animal’s instincts and learned behaviors trait affect its survival. Use examples from the book as you write. vertebrate 5. Sequence Name the four steps of a butterfly’s life cycle in order. Photographs: Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education. Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Cover: ©Barbara Von Hoffmann/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes Title Page: ©The Image Bank/Getty Images; 6 ©DK Images 8 (Bkgd) ©George Grall/NGS Image Collection, (BR) ©Danny Lehman/Corbis; 9 ©Robert Pickett/Corbis; 12 (T, CL) ©DK Images, (BL) ©Breck P. Kent/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 13 (TR) ©Carolina Biological Supply Company/Phototake, (BR) ©Randy M. Ury/Corbis; 14 ©Frans Lanting/Minden Pictures; 15 (TR) ©Kevin Schafer/Corbis, (CR) ©Gary W. Carter/Corbis, (BR) ©DK Images; 16 (CL) ©Rolf Kopfle/Bruce Coleman Inc., (CR) ©Michael Quinton/ Minden Pictures, (BR) ©The Image Bank/Getty Images; 17 (T) ©Suzanne L. & Joseph T. Collins/Photo Researchers, Inc., (BL) ©Tim Laman/NGS Image Collection, (BL) ©E. R. Degginger/Bruce Coleman Inc.; 18 ©Jeff L. Lepore/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 19 ©Gerry Ellis/Minden Pictures; 21 ©James L. Amos/Photo Researchers, Inc. ISBN: 0-328-13811-8 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permissions, write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V010 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05
How are animals grouped? Animals get oxygen from air or water. Many land animals breathe with lungs. Many water animals What All Animals Need breathe with gills. Animals need shelter. Some animals find or build Almost all animals need water, food, oxygen, and shelter. Other animals grow hard shells to protect shelter to live. themselves. Animals get water from drinking or eating food. They get food by eating plants or other animals. 2 3
Ways Of Grouping Animals Fish are vertebrates that live in water. Fish have Animals can be grouped by their traits. A trait scaly skin. They breathe through gills. is the way an animal looks or acts. Animals get Amphibians are vertebrates. They can live in water. traits from their parents. Traits can be used to group They can also live on land. Amphibians breathe animals. through gills when they are young. They also get oxygen through their skin. As they grow, they develop Animals with Backbones lungs. Toads and frogs are amphibians. Animals with backbones belong to one group. A vertebrate is an animal with a backbone. A frog is an Vertebrates’ backbones grow as they get older. Fish, amphibian. snakes, and cats are all vertebrates. Vertebrates can look very different. Fish are vertebrates. This lynx is a vertebrate. 4 5
Reptiles are vertebrates with scaly skin. Crocodiles Mammals are vertebrates. Mammals have hair on and alligators are reptiles. They breathe through their bodies. This keeps them warm. They breathe lungs. Snakes, lizards, and turtles are reptiles too. through lungs. Mammals feed milk to their young. Birds are vertebrates that breathe through lungs. They have bills instead of teeth. Wings and light bones help most birds fly. Their feathers keep them warm. These koalas are mammals. These owls and this snake are both vertebrates. How are they different? 6 7
Animals Without Backbones There are many more invertebrates than vertebrates. Most animals do not have backbones. These Sea jellies, butterflies, and clams are all invertebrates. animals are called invertebrates. Worms are invertebrates. They have long, soft Most invertebrates do not grow as big as vertebrates. bodies. Worms do not have legs. They slide and wiggle Invertebrates make up most of the animals on Earth. through the ground to move. Earthworms live in soil and keep it healthy. Insects, spiders, and crabs are arthropods. Arthropods are the largest group of invertebrates. The body of this sea jelly is soft. Most of They have skeletons on the outsides of their bodies. it is water. They also have legs with joints. This snail is a mollusk. Many mollusks have hard shells and soft bodies. A butterfly is an invertebrate. Does this worm have a backbone? 8 9
How do animals grow A Butterfly’s Life Cycle and change? A butterfly begins life as an egg. A caterpillar, or larva, hatches from the egg. A larva is a young insect. The caterpillar eats and grows. Soon it spins a Life Cycles hard covering, or chrysalis, around itself. The larva All animals grow and change over time. These is now a pupa. It grows and changes. It becomes an changes are called a life cycle. Animals start as an adult butterfly. The butterfly breaks open the chrysalis egg. Some animals lay their eggs. The eggs hatch and crawls out. Butterflies lay eggs. After laying eggs, when the young animals are ready. Other animals butterflies die. Then the life cycle of the butterfly grow from eggs inside their mother’s body. Those is complete. mothers give birth to live young. Some animals begin life looking like their parents. Others look different. A butterfly changes a lot during its life. Laying new eggs Pupa Butterfly Larva Egg 10 11
Some Vertebrate Life Cycles A Mammal’s Life Cycle Vertebrate life cycles can be different. Some Most mammals develop inside vertebrates go through many changes as they their mother’s body. Young grow. Others hardly change at all. mammals drink milk from their mothers. They have A Frog’s Life Cycle either hair or fur. Many young Frogs go through many changes. mammals look a lot like their They start life in the water as parents soon after they are born. This panda cub looks eggs. Tadpoles hatch from a lot like its parents. the eggs. They breathe with gills and live underwater. Tadpole The tadpole grows lungs and legs, and turns into an adult. Eggs Most adult frogs live near water. Adult frog A frog must change a lot before it looks like Growing its parents. tadpole 12 13
How do adaptations help Adaptations for Getting Food animals? Animals have many adaptations for getting food. An eagle’s feet can hold food while it flies. Deer have sharp front teeth to help cut plants. They Adaptations also have flat back teeth to help grind plants. An adaptation is a trait that helps an animal A cardinal eats seeds. It uses its short, strong bill meet its needs in the place where it lives. Adaptations to break open the seeds. Each adaptation fits an are inherited, or passed on, from parents to animal’s needs. their young. A pelican is a bird that lives near water. It needs to swim to find food. A pelican’s webbed feet help it swim. Its webbed feet are an adaptation. Flamingos filter food from the water. A pelican has a Cardinals break special bill. It acts open seeds. like a net to help the pelican catch fish. These birds all have different bills. They all eat something different. Warblers pick out insects. 14 15
Adaptations for Protection Some animals have spikes or horns for protection. All animals need ways to stay safe. Some animals The porcupine has hundreds of sharp quills. This can quickly run away from enemies. adaptation is called armor. Other animals are colored in a way that makes Other animals mimic, or look like, a different them hard to see. This is called camouflage. animal. The king snake mimics the coral snake, Camouflage helps some animals stay alive. which is poisonous. Other animals then avoid the king snake. King snake Arctic fox Fish Crab spider Coral snake Do these animals have camouflage? Yes! They How have these are hard to see. animals protected themselves? Cassowary 16 17
Behaviors That Help Animals Instincts Behaviors are things that animals do. Some A behavior an animal is born with is an instinct. behaviors are inherited. Other behaviors that animals Instincts help some animals survive during winter. need are learned. These behaviors can be learned Many animals know to migrate, or move long from parents or other animals. The ability to learn is distances, to find more food. inherited, however. Other animals know to hibernate or sleep, during winter. Their bodies slow down so they don’t need much food. These geese Learning are migrating. Animals learn some behaviors by watching parents or other animals. Adult chimpanzees show their young how to find and get food. The young learn which foods are good to eat. This young chimpanzee is learning how to find food. These bats are hibernating. 18 19
How are animals from the Ancient Insects past like today’s animals? Tiny insects caught in sticky tree sap have become fossils. Fossils of larger animals, such as saber-toothed tigers, have been found in tar pits. Animals That Lived Long Ago Signs of past life are called fossils. A fossil can be an animal track or print hardened into rock. This is called a fossil mold. A fossil mold can be filled with rock. Then it is called a cast. Trilobite fossil cast Spider trapped in amber Fossil cast of a dinosaur skull Bird-like dinosaur fossil cast We can learn about animals from the past by studying fossils, fossil molds, and fossil casts. 20 21
How Animals Today Compare to Those of Long Ago Fossils help people learn about animals and plants that lived long ago. They help us tell what Earth was like and how it has changed. Some animals that lived in the past are extinct. That means they no longer live on Earth. Animals have found ways to live in many places on Earth. Their adaptations keep them alive. Animals have found incredible ways to keep living! This T. rex dinosaur is extinct. This collared lizard looks like dinosaurs from long ago. But it is much smaller. 22 23
VocabularyGlossary What did you learn? adaptationadaptation a trait that helps an animal survive in 1. What are animals that do not have backbones the place where it lives called? hibernate hibernateinherited to spend the winter in a way that 2. Name two animals that are vertebrates. doesn’t require a lot of food 3. What does camouflage do? larva inherited passed on from parents to their young migrate 4. You have read about larva the early form of an insect behaviors that help animals. Write to explain pupa how an animal’s instincts and learned behaviors migrate to move from one region to another trait affect its survival. Use examples from the book when the seasons change as you write. pupavertebrate the stage of an insect’s life between larva and adult 5. Sequence Name the four steps of a butterfly’s life cycle in order. trait the way an animal looks or acts Photographs: Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for vertebratephotographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to itsan animal with a backbone attention in subsequent editions.Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education. Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Cover: ©Barbara Von Hoffmann/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes Title Page: ©The Image Bank/Getty Images; 6 ©DK Images 8 (Bkgd) ©George Grall/NGS Image Collection, (BR) ©Danny Lehman/Corbis; 9 ©Robert Pickett/Corbis; 12 (T, CL) ©DK Images, (BL) ©Breck P. Kent/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 13 (TR) ©Carolina Biological Supply Company/Phototake, (BR) ©Randy M. Ury/Corbis; 14 ©Frans Lanting/Minden Pictures; 15 (TR) ©Kevin Schafer/Corbis, (CR) ©Gary W. Carter/Corbis, (BR) ©DK Images; 16 (CL) ©Rolf Kopfle/Bruce Coleman Inc., (CR) ©Michael Quinton/ Minden Pictures, (BR) ©The Image Bank/Getty Images; 17 (T) ©Suzanne L. & Joseph T. Collins/Photo Researchers, Inc., (BL) ©Tim Laman/NGS Image Collection, (BL) ©E. R. Degginger/Bruce Coleman Inc.; 18 ©Jeff L. Lepore/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 19 ©Gerry Ellis/Minden Pictures; 21 ©James L. Amos/Photo Researchers, Inc. ISBN: 0-328-13811-8 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permissions, write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V010 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 24
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