Physical SciencePhysical Science by Timothy Sandowby Timothy Sandow GenreGenre Comprehension SkillComprehension Skill Text FeaturesText Features Science ContentScience Content Nonfi ctionNonfi ction Cause and EffectCause and Effect • Captions• Captions MatterMatter • Labels• Labels • Glossary• Glossary Scott Foresman Science 3.10Scott Foresman Science 3.10 ì<(sk$m)=bdidfh<ì<(sk$m)=bdidfh<ISBNISBN 0-328-13835-50-328-13835-5 +^-Ä-U-Ä-U+^-Ä-U-Ä-U
Vocabulary What did you learn?Matter and Its Properties atom 1. How can you show that air has volume and takes up space? by Timothy Sandow buoyancy density 2. How are the particles of a solid different than particles of a liquid or a gas? element 3. Where would you look to find out if something is mass an element? matter 4. In this book you read periodic table about measuring volume. Write to explain how you would measure the volume of a trunk. pressure Include details from the book. property 5. Cause and Effect What property volume causes an object to float? Describe the effect of this property. Illustrations: 5, 6, 7 Big Sesh Studios Photographs: Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions. Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education. Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Opener: ©Taxi/Getty Images; Title Page: ©Photodisc Green/Getty Images; 2 ©Tony Freeman/PhotoEdit; 4 (BC) Corbis, (BR) Brand X Pictures, (BL) Alamy; 5 (BL) ©DK Images ISBN: 0-328-13835-5 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permissions, write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V010 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05
How can we describe matter? A property is something about matter that you can see, hear, touch, or smell. A ball looks round. It A World of Matter feels smooth or bumpy. It can be hard or soft. It makes All of the things you see around you are made of a sound when you bounce it. You can smell a flower to matter. Matter is anything that takes up space and learn about its properties. has mass. You can sense the mass of an object by how heavy it feels. You can see that air takes up space when you blow up a balloon. 2 3
States of Matter Solids Nearly all matter is a solid, a A bowling ball is a solid. Like other solids, it keeps liquid, or a gas. Each kind of matter its shape. It stays round. In a solid, all the tiny is made of very tiny particles. The particles are packed tightly together. They jiggle very particles are so small that we fast, but they stay in place. cannot see them. The particles are always moving. In some kinds of matter, they move a little. In other kinds of matter, they move a lot. Solid particles that jiggle in place 4 5
Gases Gases do not have a shape. Air is a gas. Tiny gas particles are not connected to each other. They bounce off each other as they move freely in space. Unlike solids and liquids, the amount of space that air takes up can change. When air is pumped into a ball, it expands. It pushes against the inside of the ball. This pushing Liquid particles that slide is called pressure. The air particles get more tightly past each other pressed together as you pump more air in. Liquids Orange juice is a liquid. It takes the shape of the glass it is in. It will take a new shape if poured into a different glass. The particles of liquids are loosely connected. The particles can flow past one another. What if you poured the juice into a new container? It Gas particles will still take up the same amount of space. that bounce off each other 6 7
Parts of Matter Scientists have done experiments to find out how What happens if you break a chunk of gold into many different elements there are in matter. Their smaller pieces? Each particle of gold is still the matter experiments show that there are more than one gold. Gold is an element. An element is matter made hundred different elements. Scientists list all these of a single type of particle too small to see. elements in a table. It is called the periodic table of Most matter is made out of many types of particles. elements. The elements are placed on the table near The smallest particle of an element that has all the other elements with the same properties. properties of that element is an atom. Gold is made up only of atoms of gold. Clay is an example of matter made Periodic Table of Elements State at Room Temperature = Solid = Liquid = Gas up of different kinds of atoms. Atoms act together to give 1 2 H He matter its properties. Hydrogen Helium 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Li Be B C N O F Ne Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Na Mg AI Si P S CI Ar Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Clay is made of many 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 different kinds of atoms. K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon 55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn Cesium Barium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon 87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 Fr Ra Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Francium Radium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Ununbium 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium 8 9
How are properties of Tools for Measuring Volume matter measured? Another property of matter you can measure is volume. The volume of an object is the amount of space that the object takes up. You use a measuring Tools for Measuring Mass cup or graduated cylinder to measure the volume of One property of matter that you can measure liquids. is mass. Mass is the amount of matter an object The metric unit for measuring the volume of a has. A balance measures mass. The metric units for liquid is the liter (L). We can also measure small measuring mass are grams (g) and kilograms (kg). amounts of liquid in milliliters (mL). One liter has One kilogram has 1,000 grams. 1,000 milliliters. An object’s mass is the same no matter where it is. But the weight of an object can be different in The volume of the milk different places. Things have different weights on in this jug is about 2L. Earth than they do on the Moon. A scale is used to measure weight. A balance measures mass. The whole toy has the same mass as its parts. The volume of orange juice in this bottle is about 1L. 10 11
Solids have volume, just as liquids do. To measure Measuring Density the volume of a solid, fill a measuring cup half full Density is a measure of the amount of matter of water. Record the measurement. Now, place a rock in a certain amount of space. A bowling ball and into the water. The water rises because the rock has a rubberball have about the same volume. But the volume. It takes up space. Look at the water level bowling ball has more mass and greater density. now. Record the new measurement. Subtract the first You can study the density of matter by watching measurement from the second. The difference in the how an object floats. How well an object floats in a water levels is the volume of the rock. liquid or a gas is called buoyancy. Stones have little buoyancy in water. They sink because they have a higher density than water. A helium balloon has lots of buoyancy in air. It rises because helium has a lower density than air. This rubber ball is the same size as the bowling ball. The volume of the water in this measuring cup is 500 mL. 12 13
Tools for Measuring Other Properties Size is another property that can be measured. The distance from one end of something to the other is its length. The basic unit for measuring length is the meter (m). We use millimeters (mm) and centimeters (cm) to measure small things. One meter is 100 cm or 1,000 mm. We use kilometers (km) to measure long distances. One kilometer is 1,000 meters. A cubic unit is a cube used to measure volume of a solid. A cube that is 1 centimeter on all sides has the volume of 1 cubic centimeter. To find the volume of a box, put cubes of the same size into the box, and fill it. The volume of the box is a measurement of how many cubic units it takes to fill the box. Some objects are too small to see easily. Use a magnifying glass to make things look larger. Then you can see their properties better. 14 15
VocabularyGlossary What did you learn? atomatom the smallest particle of a substance 1. How can you show that air has volume and takes that has the properties of up space? buoyancy that substance 2. How are the particles of a solid different than density buoyancy how well an object floats in a liquid particles of a liquid or a gas? element or rises in air or a gas 3. Where would you look to find out if something is massdensity how much matter is in a certain an element? matter amount of space 4. In this book you read elementperiodic table a substance made up of a single about measuring volume. Write to explain type of particle how you would measure the volume of a trunk. pressure Include details from the book. mass the amount of matter any property object contains 5. Cause and Effect What property volume causes an object to float? Describe the effect of matter anything that takes up space and this property. has weight periodic table a table that arranges the elements Illustrations: 5, 6, 7 Big Sesh Studios Photographs: Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit forof matter according to their photographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions. Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scottproperties Foresman, a division of Pearson Education. Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Opener: ©Taxi/Getty Images; Title Page: ©Photodisc Green/Getty Images; 2 ©Tony Freeman/PhotoEdit; 4 (BC) Corbis, (BR) Brand X Pictures, (BL) Alamy; 5 (BL) ©DK Imagespressure how hard something presses on ISBN: 0-328-13835-5 something else Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. property something about an object that can All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher priorbe observed to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. Forvolume the amount of space an object information regarding permissions, write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025.takes up 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V010 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 16
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