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www.urdubooks4download.blogspot.com Biographical Studies – 8 My Brother Miss Fatima Jinnah is a constant source of help and encouragement to me. In the days when I was expecting to be taken as a prisoner by the British Government, it was my sister who encouraged me, and said hopeful things when revolution was staring me in the face. Her constant care is about my health. - Quaid-i-Azam, 9 August 1947.
www.urdubooks4download.blogspot.com Published by Quaid-i-Azam Academy 297 M.A. Jinnah Road, Karachi-5, Pakistan Copyright (c) Quaid-i-Azam Academy 1987 First Published 1987 Typed & printed by Sa'ad Publications, Karachi Colour Printing by Saad Publications, Karachi Jacket Design by Ahmed Anver Layout by Ghulam Mohiuddin The views & opinions presented here do not reflect those of the Quaid-i-Azam Academy, or any other authority but are solely those of the author and the editor. ISBN 969-413-036-0 Price HB -`'PB'
www.urdubooks4download.blogspot.com Contents Preface. , Vii 1. A Nation is Orphaned • 1 2 From Kathiawar to Karachi 43 3 A Businessman Becomes a Barrister - 69 Appendices 1 Extract from the Register of Sindh Madressah-tul-Islam, 1887 2 Extract from the Register of Sind Madressah-tul-Islam, 1891 3 Extract from the Register of Christian Mission School, 1892 4 Jinnah's Library Card from the British Museum, 10 February [1896?] 5 Jinnah's Petition to the Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn, 25 April 1893 6 Lincoln's Inn's Notification, 25 April 189.3 7 Jinnah's Preliminary Examination Certificate, 25 May 1893 8 Lincoln's Inn's Notification about alteration in Jinnah's Name, 14 April 1896 9 Lincoln's Inn's Notification granting Jinnah a Certificate of his Admission Call to the Bar, 11 May 1896
www.urdubooks4download.blogspot.com Vi 10 Certificate Awarded by the Lincoln's Inn 11 Certificate from Sir Howard W. Elphinstone, 5 March 1896 12 Certificate from W. Douglas Edwards, 6 March 1896 13 Jinnah's Petition to Registrar, Bombay High Court, 18 August 1896 14 Character Certificate from P.V. Smith, Chancellor of the Diocese of Manchester 15 Extract from the Bombay Civil List Index
www.urdubooks4download.blogspot.com Preface OF the seven brothers and sisters of Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Miss Fatima Jinnah (1893-1967), his third sister, resembled him the most. In his personal life as well, no one was so close to him. Their father, Jinnah Poonja, having died in 1901(?), Jinnah became her guardian. He also took a keen interest in her education. It was his steadfast support that saw her join the Bandra Convent in 1902, and later enrolled in Dr. Ahmad Dental College at Calcutta in 1919, despite the strident family opposition to the very idea of a Khoja girl joining the Convent as a boarder, or launching upon a professional course. And when she finally qualified, Jinnah went along with her idea of opening a dental clinic in Bombay, and helped set it up in 1923. Miss Jinnah had first lived with her brother, for about eight years - till 1918, when he got married to Ruttenbai. Upon Ruttenbai's death in February 1929, Miss Jinnah wound up her clinic, moved into Jinnah's bungalow, and took charge of his house. Thus began the life-long companionship, which lasted till Jinnah's death on 11 September 1948. In all Miss Jinnah lived with her brother for about twenty-eight years, including the last nineteen years in his life, which, by all accounts, were the more critical, the more trying, years in all his life. During these years,
www.urdubooks4download.blogspot.com The Quaid emerged, slowly but dramatically, from almost political isolation (especially during his self exile in England during 1931-34) to an almost universal acceptance of his leadership of the newly proclaimed Muslim nation of a hundred million, when he snatched victory out of the jaws of defeat, when he struggled long and hard to wrest for Muslims nationhood and statehood by finding ambre rational and a more equitable framework for power-distribution between India's two major nations, culminating in a startlingly new ordering of the sub-continental cosmos. Miss Jinnah, who not only lived with her brother but also accompanied him on his numerous tours, had developed and displayed a keen sense of the heroic struggle he was waging. There- is also evidence to show that he discussed various problems with her, mostly at the breakfast and dinner table; he also confided in her. On Miss Jinnah's part, she was, to quote the Quaid, "a constant source of help and encouragement" to him, saying "hopeful things when revolution was starting" him in the face. The thought of doing or sponsoring a biography of her illustrious brother, it seems, came to Miss Jinnah about the time when Hector Bolitho's Jinnah was first published in 1954. Although a good biography, anchored as it was, for the most part, on the personal recollections of Jinnah's professional colleagues, political companions and observers, as well as contemporaries who had something or the other to do with him during his long professional and public career, it was yet generally felt that Bolitho's Jinnah had somehow failed to bring out the real Jinnah in terms of his political life and achievements. Shortly afterwards, Miss Jinnah began looking for a suitable Pakistani author to do a biography of the Quaid, since she believed that only a Pakistani, especially one supremely endowed with a sensitized view of the evolution of Muslim politics during the epochal decade of 19.3747, would be able to reconstruct the complex scenario of that decade, and do justice to the
www.urdubooks4download.blogspot.com PREFACE ix Man and his mission. Her first choice was Professor Itrat Husain Zuberi, formerly Principal, Islamia College, Calcutta, and later Vice-Chancellor, Rajshahi Univer- sity. When for some reason Professor Zuberi had' to leave Pakistan for the United States in 1958/59, her choice fell on justice M.R. Kayani. But he died rather suddenly, on 15 November 1962. Then she chose Mr. G. Allana for the assignment. For some eighteen months, Mr. Allana assisted Miss Jinnah on the biography, but late in 1964, about the time when she was persuaded to contest the presidential election against Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan as the Opposition's nominee, they parted company, due to reasons, which have remained undisclosed. Interestingly, the termination of their collaborative venture dampened neither Miss Jinnah nor Mr. Allana. While the former continued with her quest for a suitable author or co-author for the biography till her death on 8 July 1967, the latter remained steadfast to the cause of doing a biography, producing one after Miss Jinnah's death under the title, Quaid-i-Azam jinnah: The Story of a Nation. To date it remains the best biography of Jinnah by a Pakistani. The present Ms., recovered along with the Quaid-azim Papers from Mohatta Palace after Miss Jinnah's death, and preserved in the National Archives of Pakistan at Islamabad, was presumably written during 196364. This is indicated on its title page, which says that it was done by "Fatima jinnah with the assistance of G. Allana". Clearly, Miss Jinnah was the source of information contained in the Ms. with Mr. Allana's contribution being for the most part limited to improving the original write- up, and making it readable. This assumption is based on two material facts, which are within the knowledge of the present editor. First, Mr. Allana, while discussing with him the biography project in some detail, late in 1963, informed him, inter alia, that he was doing, in collaboration with Miss jinnah, a biography of the Quaid, and that the first two chapters
www.urdubooks4download.blogspot.com MY BROTHER On his family background and early years, which had been dictated by Miss Jinnah, would be in quotes, denoting her authorship of them. Second, there are several long passages (without quotes, of course) in Mr. Allana's biography of Jinnah, which are almost identical with those in the Ms. The Ms. comprises three chapters. The first one concentrates chiefly on the last year of the Quaid's life, especially his devotion to Pakistan despite his failing health; the second one delineates his family background and early life; and the third one his days in London and the early years in Bombay when he was struggling to set up his practice. Though somewhat fragmentary, the second and the third chapters contain a good deal of hitherto unpublished material while the second half of the first chapter confirms Ilahi Baksh's account of Jinriah's last illness as delineated in his With the Quaid-i-Azam during His last Days 1949). The Ms. represents an important source of information for the early years of Jinnah, and has figured in the literature on him since the time it was made accessible to researchists. In particular it has been extensively quoted and cited by Stanley Wolpert in his much-acclaimed Jinnah of Pakistan (1984). An edited and somewhat abridged version of the Ms. was included in Pakistan: Past and Present (1977) under the title, "A Sister's Recollections"; but it has received scant notice in scholarly works. The present "volume has been edited according to, the accepted norms, and except for an extremely controversial passage, it truthfully reproduces the contents of the Ms. However, what has been told about the Quaid in these pages was presumably reconstructed by Miss Jinnah on the basis of her memory without the aid of any diaries or any other written accounts; hence it should not be too surprising if sometimes dates, events and places get mixed up in the narrative. The factual position in respect of such inadvertent "errors" has been explained in footnotes, wherever necessary. Excerpts from Quaid's speeches included in the narra-
www.urdubooks4download.blogspot.com PREFACE xi tive have been compared with his speeches published in various compilations and the correct version (along with documentation) has been given in place of those in the original Ms. Excerpts from Ilahi Baksh's account of Jinnah's last illness have been included (in footnotes), wherever necessary, in juxtaposition to Miss Jinnah's account. Appended to the 'present memoir are fifteen documents which have a direct bearing on Jinnah's early life. These are: (i, ii & iii) relevant pages from the registers of Sind Madressah-tul-Islam, and Christian Mission School; (iv) Jinnah's library card from the British Museum, dated 10 February [1896?]; (v) his petition dated 25 April 189.3 to the Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn to excuse him of the Latin portion of the Preliminary Examination; (vi) the Inn's notification of the same date acceding to his petition; (vii) the certificate (dated 25 May 189.3) of his having passed the Preliminary Examination; (viii) the Inn's notification (dated 14 April 1896) granting his petition "to have his name altered on the books of the Society to Mohamed Ali Jinnah"; (ix) the Inn's notification (dated 11 May 1896) ordering that "a Certificate. . . be granted him of his Admission Call to the Bar"; (x) the certificate awarded to him by the Lincoln's Inn which indicates that he was admitted to the Inn on 5 June 189.3 and called to the Bar on 29 April 1896; (xi & xii) two certificates from his tutors, Sir Howard W. Elphinstone and W. Douglas Edwards, dated 5 and 6 March 1896 respectively; (xiii) his petition dated 18 August 1896 to the Registrar, Bombay High Court, seeking admission as an advocate; (xiv) a character certificate from P.V. Smith, Chancellor of the Diocese of Manchester; and (xv) an extract from the Bombay Civil List which indicates his admission as an advocate. Regrettably though, our efforts to get the missing portions of two documents (xii and xiv) have proved fruitless. These documents, except for the first five, are published here for the first time. It is hoped that they would help researchists, as would Miss Jinnah's
www.urdubooks4download.blogspot.com x i i M Y B R O T H E R account, in reconstructing the story of Quaid's student and early professional life. Now it remains to thank those who have helped me in various ways in, producing the present volume. I am indebted to the National Archives of Pakistan and its Director, Mr. Atique Zafar Shaikh, for providing us with a legible photocopy of the Ms. and several photographs; to the National Documentation Centre, Lahore, and to Mr. Nazir Ahmad in particular for making available to us a microfilm of documents (vi) to (x); and to Mohammad Ahmad and Khwaja Razi Haider for helping me in the production of the volume. Above all, I am beholden to my nephew, Muhammad Akbar, whose perseverance finally procured for us the last five documents from the Bombay High Court. Most of the photographs included in this volume come from the collection of my late lamented friend, Jamil-ud-Din Ahmad, to whom all of us who now specialize on the . Quaid and the Pakistan Movement owe so much for his pioneering work on these two subjects, dating back to the middle 1940s. I am also most grateful to his widow for donating his valuable collection of photo- graphs to the Academy. Sharif al Mujahid Karachi 2 7 December 1986
www.urdubooks4download.blogspot.com CHAPTER ONE A Nation is orphaned AS I see the mausoleum in Karachi go upward, inch by inch, to shelter the mortal remains of my brother, poignant memories come rushing into mind of that day, a Saturday, the 11th of September 1948, when I lost my elder brother, and my nation became an orphan. Before embarking on this venture to project his life as I saw it, having been his constant companion for more than forty years,' I thought it fit to go to his grave this morning, to offer my prayers, to lay some flowers, and to shed a tear. For, after all, what else can one give to those that one loved, and who have departed to the Great Beyond. He has become a part of history, and the pages of this book will endeavor to unfold his fife and work, his years of struggle, his days of frustration, his moments of triumph, and the concept, philosophy and ideology which were the basis of his demand for Pakistan. Nature had gifted him with a giant's strength in so far as his determination to achieve the tasks that he had set for himself were concerned, but it had clothed that will in a frail body, unable to keep pace with the driving force of his restless mind and will. It was bitter to be afflicted with health that
www.urdubooks4download.blogspot.com MY BROTHER could not stand the rigours of a tumultuous life in the face of overwhelming odds, and to be gifted with a tenaciousness that wanted to. triumph over all obstacles to lead his people to their ultimate destiny. His political activities and responsibilities had increased manifold during the last ten years of his life, when he had already entered the morning [?] of his old age. Despite the advice of ,his doctors and the pleadings of a younger sister, he did not spare himself, refusing to take rest or respite. Work,work and more work. He drained away the last reserves of his energy like a spendthrift child of nature. Alarmed at his poor health, when I sometimes begged of him not to work such long hours and to give up for some time his constant and whirlwind tours that carried him from one end of India to another, he would say, "Have you ever heard of a General take a holiday, when his army is fighting for its very survival on a battlefield?" He had the reputation of demolishing a well-built up case with one sentence, and what match could I be for him when it came to arguments? On such occasions I abandoned logic for sentiment, "But your life is precious; and you must take good care of it." With a distant look in his eyes, he said, "What is the health of one individual, when I am concerned with the very existence of ten crore2 Muslims of India? Do you realise how much is at stake?" This was enough to silence sentimentalism, and he plunged himself deeper and deeper into the stormy ocean of political struggle to the utter neglect of his health. When the general elections under the newly enacted Government of India Act, 1935, were being held in February 1987 all over India, the Muslim League for the first time put up its own candidates. At that time the League was neither well organised, nor had its message yet reached the Muslim masses. The brunt of the burden of organisation, of rallying
www.urdubooks4download.blogspot.com A NATION IS ORPHANED public opinion in favour of the League, fell on his shoulders. The more he travelled, addressing mass meetings, the more were the demands made on his time. He was flooded with requests inviting him to visit cities, towns and villages, to carry the message of the League to the Muslims, who were gradually becoming more and more conscious that unless they stood together, their political future was not secure. Wherever he went, I was with him. It was a heartening sign to see that the Muslims were getting over their lethargy; and the increasing number of people that turned out to listen to him indicated the growing hold the Muslim League was beginning to have over their minds, as well as of his growing personal popularity. As he spoke of the gigantic strength that the Muslims had in their hands, which could become decisive in determining the shape of any scheme of political reforms in the future, if they all stood united, loud and prolonged applause would rend the air. He thundered with the voice of an inspired leader, saying, "Let everyone realise the Muslim League has come to stay. All attempts to subotage the growing popularity of the Muslim League are doomed to failure. The Muslims are marching forward, and no power on earth can suppress their determination to succeed." As he ended his speech on the soaring crescendo of promise and hope, the huge gatherings would shout, "Muslim League Zindabad," "Mohamed Ali Jinnah Zindabad." Ever since the League session in Lahore in 1940 passed the resolution, which has come to be known as the Pakistan Resolution, he whipped his failing health to make it keep pace with his increasing work. With a scattered and disorganised following as his only strength, he decided from that year onward to translate the demand for Pakistan into a heroic chapter of human history. Incessant travelling, long and arduous hours of work, and the worries, that are the only reward that a political leader recei-
www.urdubooks4download.blogspot.com 4 MY BROTHER ves during his days of struggle, were taking a heavy toll, but he paid the price with a smile. His 5'101/s"' body that normally weighed around 112 lbs, was losing its weight ounce by ounce, but he showed supreme indifference to such private matters as his personal health. That should not interfere with his work. I was once again arguing and pleading with him to put himself in the hands of competent doctors and to pay at least some attention to his physical fitness. But I never succeeded in stopping the onward rush of the mighty ocean of his will that wanted to sweep away all obstacles that stood as hinderances in the path of his people. In addition to his duties and responsibilities as the President of the Muslim League, he had also to shoulder the burden of the office of leader of the Muslim League Party in the Central Legislative Assembly. We left Bombay sometime in [early November] 1940 to attend a session of the Assembly in Delhi that was being held there, inspite of slight temperature that he had been running for the previous few days. He had his dinner, and the train was racing onwards to its destination under a clear sky, studded with innumerable twinkling stars. As he lay in bed, he suddenly shouted out loud, as if some body had pierced him with a red hot iron. I was soon by his side, and inquired the reason of his shouting. The severity of the pain had benumbed his power of speech, and all that he could do was to point with his finger to a spot a little below the spinal chord and to the right side of it. It was obvious the pain was unbearable, and it was clear that medical aid could not be obtained on a moving train. In the hope of relieving his pain, I gently massaged the part of his body that was causing him so much pain. But finding that it only aggravated it, I gave up the attempt in despair, hoping that the train would stop soon at some station, so that 1 could arrange to get a hot water- bottle for fomentation. The minutes
www.urdubooks4download.blogspot.com A NATION IS ORPHANED 5 passed on heavy feet, and then I heard the screeching noise of the brakes, and the train came to a final stop. I called the guard and':: asked him to immediately arrange for a hot water bottle to be brought to our compartment. Wrapping the bottle in a napkin, I gently applied it on the painful spot, and was relieved to see that the pain somewhat subsided. The train steamed into Delhi station in the early hours of the morning and we were soon at 10, Aurangzeb Road, which was our Delhi residence. I supported my brother from the car to his bed and immediately called his doctor on the telephone to come and examine him. After a thorough examination, the doctor pronounced that it was an attack of pleurisy and that he must stay in bed for about a fortnight. As soon as the doctor left, my brother said to me, "What bad luck. It is an important session. My presence is so essential there. And here I am, enjoying the luxury of an enforced confinement in bed." He remained in bed for two days and was again at his work. His was a restless spirit, born in a restless period of his nation's history. It was a momentous session of the Central Assembly, and on him fell the task to explain the stand of the Muslim League on India's participation in the war efforts. As I watched him from the distinguished visitors' gallery rise in his seat to take the floor, ¢ I wondered if he could at all muster strength to speak for more than a few minutes. He started his speech with a voice that betrayed fatigue, but as he progressed with his arguments, all trace of wearing disappeared. He was soon in his element, ridiculing the Government for their insidious propaganda to beguile the Muslims of India, and indicting the Government for it, saying, "Of course, you can do a lot by propaganda; but there are certain things which you cannot carry out by inspiring fear alone.... 5 " . . . it has become a fashion [he continued] to give a lecture to the weaker party, and you can
www.urdubooks4download.blogspot.com 6 MY BROTHER afford to lecture the weaker party. . . . But we cannot really possibly vote supplies in the expenditure of which we have no lot, no share, no controls Warming up, he continued, . . , if the Congress succeeds in defeating the Government, it is not my fault; it is the fault of your constitution; and you have enacted this constitution; you have been carrying it on-this wooden, antediluvian Government for decades now, and you cannot have it both ways. It is your constitution, it is of your making. . . . I say this on the floor of this House that the reason why there has not been a settlement between the Hindus and the Musalmans is thatthe Congress leaders will pardon me for saying this-the Congress is a Hindu organisation, whatever they may say - that the Hindu leaders and Congress leaders have had always at the back of their head the basis that the Musalmans have to come within the ken of the Congress and the Hindu raj, that they are a minority, and all that they can justly press for is merely safeguards as a minority, whereas let me tell the gentlemen of the Congress and the Nationalist Congress Party members that the Musalmans always had at their back the basis -and it has never been different during the last 25 years - that they are separate entity. 8 At this Mr. M.S. Aney started to heckle him, "At least that was not the view of Mr. Jinnah before 1920". The Quaid-e-Azam retorted, "Since 1916, since the Lucknow Pact was passed, on the fundamental principle of two separate entities". Mr. Aney was not satisfied, and he angrily shouted, "I was there." The Quaid-e-Azam stood unruffled; in a cool voice he said, "My friend may have been there, but he was not even heard of at that time". 9 That devastating sentence silenced the otherwise irrep-
www.urdubooks4download.blogspot.com A NATION IS ORPHANED 7 ressible Mr. Aney. He had spoken for about one hour,and he was still on his legs. I was apprehensive about his health, which was far from satisfactory. Luckily he concluded his speech, saying, Bhulabhai Desai throughout his speech only emphasized two things: Democracy, democracy, democracy and a national government! What is the use? Whatever that cabinet may be, it will be responsible to this Legislature - in which Mr. Bhulabhai Desai can command two-thirds of the elected members. I will pity the man who happens to be in that cabinet and does not obey the Congress command and the Congress mandate! I o As we drove home in our car from the Assembly, I saw his hands were shivering, and his fingers could hold his cigarette with difficulty_ Qn reaching home, he straight away went to bed, without so much as changing his clothes. The attack of pleurisy, in my opinion, was the beginning of the sickness that ultimately claimed his life. He could have got over it, if he had taken proper care, if he had kept regular hours, if he had given up exposing himself to wind and rain, as he toured the_ subcontinent, almost :uninterruptedly. Thereafter he was always allergic to colds, and the slightest attack of even a mild cold would soon deepen into agonising days of fever and coughing. A few months later, to be exact in April 1941, we were on our way from Bombay to Madras, where he was to preside over the Madras session of the All India Muslim League." When our train was a few hours from Madras, he left his seat to go to the toilet. I was shocked to find that he walked only a few steps and then collapsed on the wooden plank flooring of the train. I rushed to his side and asked,"Jin, what is wrong?" He smiled, a worn out smile, "I feel very weak, exhausted". He put his hand on my
www.urdubooks4download.blogspot.com 8 M Y BRO THER shoulder, lifted himself up, and wobbled towards his berth. Fortunately, within a few minutes the train came to a halt at an important junction, and thousands of enthusiastic Leaguers were on the platform, shouting, "Quaid-e-Azam Zindabad". I opened the door of our compartment slightly and shouted, "Don't shout. The Quaid is in bed, down with fatigue and fever. Run, get a doctor." Within a few minutes, the doctor came, examined him and said, "Sir, you have a nervous breakdown, very mild. Nothing serious. But I would not advise you to move about for at least one week. You must confine yourself to bed for a week." We were in Madras, where thousands of delegates had gathered to attend the All-India Muslim League Session. The Quaid was too weak to address the open session on the first day, but on the following day he insisted he would deliver his presidential address. I advised him against it, but finding that he was adamant, begged of him to make a brief speech. "Yes, it will be very brief", he assured. A hushed silence descended on that vast gathering as he rose to address them. He spoke extempore, without notes. He built each point with clarity of thought, and clothed them in a language that was easily intelligible even to the uninitiated in the intricate complexities of Indian politics of the time. He spoke with the voice of a leader that knows not only his mind, but was fully aware of the sentiments of his own following. The address was far from being brief, for he continued to speak for over two hours. 12 This leader, who had left a sick bed to be amidst his people, boldly elucidated the goal of the Muslims of India. He said, Let me tell you as clearly as I can possibly define it that the goal of the All-India Muslim League is this: We want the establishment of completely independent states in the NorthWest and Eastern Zones of India, with full control finally of defence, foreign affairs, com-
www.urdubooks4download.blogspot.com A NATION IS ORPHANED 9 munications, customs, currency, exchange, etc. We do not want in any circumstances a constitution of an All-India character with one government at the Centre. We will never agree to that. If we once agree to that, let me tell you, the Muslims will be absolutely wiped out of existence. We shall never be tributaries of any power or any government at the Centre so far as the North-West and Eastern zones of our free national homelands are concerned.I 3 I was proud of his performance, but behind that justifiable pride there arose the lurking shadow of the fear of a set-back in his health. The unbounded enthusiasm of that mammoth gathering, however, had injected a powerful tonic in his worn out body. He forgot his weakness, exhaustion, and fever in the mad rush of work into which he had willingly plunged himself. The seven years before the establishment of Pakistan were the busiest and stormiest that he encountered in all his life. He toiled ceaselessly for the Muslims of India, and they gave him their support and loyalty ungrudgingly. They had endearingly named him, Quaid-e-Azam, "The Great Leader." and he was now more conscious than ever before of his role in the struggle for the emancipation of the Muslims of India. To me, who was always with him, it was a common sight to see him get up from a sick bed with difficulty, looking worn out and exhausted, inspite of the smart clothes that he wore. We would sit in our car on our way to address a huge gathering of Muslims, and all along the route he maintained strict silence, not to marshal his thoughts, but to preserve every ounce of his energy. He entered the ranks of his admiring followers, wearing a grim look, bowing slightly to this side and then to that, saluting and returning the tumultuous greetings of his party men. His step was firm, his eyes gleaming with hope. He mounted the dais, and after recitation of some verses from the Holy Quran and speeches by local
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