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Class Notes CIS 675 Artificial Intelligence: Overview IS 675 P´eter Moln´ar, 2003 (all rights reserved) Slide 1
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AI: Overview An Attempt to classify Foundation Modern topics IS 675 P´eter Moln´ar, 2003 (all rights reserved) Slide 2
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I Overview: An Attempt to Classify An Attempt to Classify Two approaches: human-centered vs. rationality. Both directions have yielded some valuable insights. – A human-centered approach is empirical science, involving hypothesis and experimental confirmation. – A rationalist approach involves a combination of mathematics and engineering. Both approaches can be broken up into fields that are concerned with – the thought process and reasoning, or – the behavior. IS 675 P´eter Moln´ar, 2003 (all rights reserved) Slide 3
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I Overview: An Attempt to Classify Four Categories of AI Systems that think like humans. Systems that think rationally. Systems that act like humans. Systems that act rationally. IS 675 P´eter Moln´ar, 2003 (all rights reserved) Slide 4
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I Overview: An Attempt to Classify Acting humanly Turing Test, proposed by Alan Turing (1950). Turing’s definition of intelligent behavior as the ability to achieve human-level performance in all cognitive tasks. The test involves an interrogator who interacts with one human and one machine. Within a given time the interrogator has to find out which of the two is the human, and which one the machine. Issue to solve in order to pass the test using a terminal: natural language processing, knowledge representation automated reasoning, machine learning. Additional requirements for the “total Turing test”: computer vision, speech recognition, speech synthesis, robotics. IS 675 P´eter Moln´ar, 2003 (all rights reserved) Slide 5
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I Overview: An Attempt to Classify Thinking humanly Need to understand how humans think. Methods: – catch our thoughts while they go by – psychological experiments Example: GPS, “General Problem Solver” (Newell and Simon, 1961). Objective to compare the steps of the problem solving with the reasoning of human subjects solving the same problem. Cognitive Science embraces computer models from AI and experimental methods from psychology. IS 675 P´eter Moln´ar, 2003 (all rights reserved) Slide 6
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I Overview: An Attempt to Classify Thinking rationally Aristotle made first attempt to harness “right thinking”. Famous example: “Socrates is a man; all men are mortal; therefore Socrates is mortal.” Formal logic (late nineteenth, early twentieth centuries) provides a precise notation of statements of all kinds of things and relations between them. Programs that can find the solution to a logical problem if one exists have been around since 1965. Given enough memory and time, they should be able to solve everything. Problems: – not everything can be formalized, e.g. uncertain knowledge – complexity of problems easily exhausts todays (and tomorrows) computational resources. IS 675 P´eter Moln´ar, 2003 (all rights reserved) Slide 7
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I Overview: An Attempt to Classify Acting rationally “... acting so as to achieve one’s goals, given one’s beliefs.” Objective: construction of rational agents. AI as rational agent design is more general than the “laws of thought” approach; correct inference is useful but not necessary for achieving rationality. In contrast to human-centered approaches, the standard of rationality is clearly defined and general. IS 675 P´eter Moln´ar, 2003 (all rights reserved) Slide 8
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I Overview: Foundation Foundation Philosophy (428 B.C. - present): Plato, Socrates, Aristotle ... Mathematics (c. 800 - present): al-Kowarazmi: algorithms, George Boole/Boule: formal language for making logical inferences (1847), David Hilbert, Kurt G¨odel, Alan Turing ... Psychology (1879 - present): Herman von Helmholtz, Wilhelm Wundt: scientific methods to study human vision ... Computer Engineering (1940 - present) Alan Turing: first operational computer, Konrad Zuse: first programmable computer ... Linguistics (1957 - present): B. F. Skinner: verbal behavior, Noam Chomsky ... IS 675 P´eter Moln´ar, 2003 (all rights reserved) Slide 9
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I Overview: Modern Topics AAAI Conferences Advanced Planning Technology (ARPI) Artificial Intelligence and Manufacturing (SIGMAN) Artificial Intelligence and Molecular Biology Conference (ISMB) Artificial Intelligence Planning Systems Conference (AIPS) Florida AI Research Society Conferences (FLAIRS) Bar-Ilan Symposium on Foundations of Artificial Intelligence Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence Conference (IAAI) International Conference on Multiagent Systems (ICMAS) Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining Conference (KDD) Midwest AI and Cognitive Science Society Conference (MAICS) National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) Artificial Intelligence and Manufacturing (SIGMAN) IS 675 P´eter Moln´ar, 2003 (all rights reserved) Slide 11
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I Overview: Modern Topics Third International Conference on Multistrategy Learning (MSL) IS 675 P´eter Moln´ar, 2003 (all rights reserved) Slide 12
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I Overview: Modern Topics AI Magazine MiTAP for Biosecurity: A Case Study Laurie Damianos, Jay Ponte, Steve Wohlever, Florence Reeder, David Day, George Wilson, and Lynette Hirschman 23(4): Winter 2000, 13-29 Staff Scheduling for Inbound Call and Customer Contact Centers Alex Fukunaga, Ed Hamilton, Jason Fama, David Andre, Ofer Matan, and Illah Nourbakhsh 23(4): Winter 2000, 30-40 Information Self-Service with a Knowledge Base That Learns Stephen D. Durbin, Doug Warner, J. Neal Richter, and Zuzana Gedeon 23(4): Winter 2000, 41-50 Training and Using Disciple Agents: A Case Study in the Military Center of Gravity Analysis Domain Gheorghe Tecuci, Mihai Boicu, Dorin Marcu, Bogdan Stanescu, Cristina Boicu, and Jerome Comello 23(4): Winter 2000, 51-68 Applying Perceptually Driven Cognitive Mapping to Virtual Urban Environments Randall W. Hill, Jr., Changhee Han, and Michael van Lent 23(4): Winter, 2002, 69-80 Computational Vulnerability Analysis for Information Survivability Howard Shrobe 23(4): Winter, 2002, 81-94 Intelligent Integration of Information and Services on the Web Eleni Stroulia 23(4): IS 675 P´eter Moln´ar, 2003 (all rights reserved) Slide 13
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I Overview: Modern Topics Winter, 2002, 109-112 Consciousness Constrained Paul De Palma 23(4): Winter, 2002, 122-124 IS 675 P´eter Moln´ar, 2003 (all rights reserved) Slide 14
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