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GRADUATION THESIS Major: International Business Economics TRANSPORT AND TRADE FACILITATION IN MALAYSIA AND LESSONS FOR VIETNAM ThiNganHang.com ThiNganHang.com
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i TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................. v LIST OF FIGURES.............................................................................................. vi INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 1: GENERAL THEORY OF TRANSPORT AND TRADE FACILITATION ................................................................................................... 5 1.1. Overview of trade facilitation........................................................................... 5 1.1.1. Definition of trade facilitation....................................................................5 1.1.2. Benefits of trade facilitation.......................................................................8 1.1.3. Issues of trade facilitation ..........................................................................9 1.2. Regional and international policies on trade facilitation .............................. 13 1.2.1. Policy framework .................................................................................... 13 1.2.2. Regional and international organizations working on trade facilitation ....14 1.2.3. International policies and strategies related to trade facilitation ............... 20 1.3. Key performance indicators of trade facilitations.......................................... 22 1.3.1. Logistics Performance Index (LPI) .......................................................... 22 1.3.2. Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) ....................................................... 24 1.3.3. Enabling Trade Index (ETI) .....................................................................25 1.3.4. Global Connectedness Index (GCI – DHL).............................................. 25 1.3.5. Other indicators ....................................................................................... 26 CHAPTER 2: CURRENT STATUS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORT TO FACILITATE TRADE IN MALAYSIA IN THE PERIOD ThiNganHang.com2005 - 2014 ........................................................................................................... 272.1. Overview of Malaysia’s economy................................................................... 27 2.1.1. Geographic location and political situation of Malaysia........................... 27 2.1.2. Economic situation of Malaysia............................................................... 29 2.1.3. Foreign trade of Malaysia ........................................................................ 30 2.1.4. Malaysia’s inward foreign direct investment............................................ 33 2.2. Overview of Malaysia government’s operation of transport and trade facilitation............................................................................................................. 34 ThiNganHang.com
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ii 2.2.1. Management of trade sector.....................................................................34 2.2.2. Customs and other border agencies.......................................................... 35 2.2.3. Management of transport sector............................................................... 35 2.2.4. Malaysia’s plans on investing in transport and logistics........................... 36 2.2.5. Malaysia’s participation in international transport conventions and agreements ........................................................................................................ 37 2.3. Malaysia’s indicators of trade facilitation..................................................... 38 2.4. Transport infrastructure in Malaysia ............................................................ 40 2.4.1. Road infrastructure and network .............................................................. 40 2.4.2. Railway infrastructure and network ......................................................... 41 2.4.3. Maritime and ports infrastructure and network ........................................ 42 2.4.4. Airport infrastructure and network........................................................... 43 2.4.5. Inland waterway infrastructure and network ............................................ 45 2.5. Transport corridors and international supply chains in Malaysia ................ 45 2.5.1. Priority transport corridors....................................................................... 45 2.5.2. International supply chains integration .................................................... 46 2.6. Transport and logistics services in Malaysia ................................................. 46 2.6.1. Road freight transport services ................................................................ 46 2.6.2. Railway freight transport services............................................................ 47 2.6.3. Maritime transport and port services ........................................................ 47 2.6.4. Air freight transport services ...................................................................48 2.6.5. Inland waterway freight services ............................................................. 49 2.6.6. Freight forwarding and warehousing services .......................................... 50 ThiNganHang.com2.7. Lessons learnt from transport and trade facilitation in Malaysia ................. 512.6.7. Express freight and postal services .......................................................... 50 CHAPTER 3: SUGGESTIONS TO DEVELOP TRANSPORT TO FACILITATE TRADE IN VIETNAM FROM 2015 TO 2020 BASED ON EXPERIENCES OF MALAYSIA ...................................................................... 54 3.1. Vietnam’s practice of transport operation to facilitate trade in the period 2005 – 2014 ................................................................................................................... 54 3.1.1. Overview of Vietnam’s economic situation ............................................. 54 ThiNganHang.com
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iii 3.1.2. Indicators of trade facilitation in Vietnam................................................ 58 3.1.3. Transport infrastructure in Vietnam ......................................................... 62 3.1.4. Transport corridors in Vietnam................................................................ 68 3.1.5. Provision of logistics services in Vietnam................................................ 70 3.2. Government’s perspectives of transport and trade facilitation from 2015 to 2020 ...................................................................................................................... 71 3.2.1. National dimensions ................................................................................ 71 3.2.2. Organizational framework ....................................................................... 72 3.2.3. Sectoral strategies .................................................................................... 73 3.3. Recommendations to develop transport for trade facilitation in Vietnam based on experiences of Malaysia .................................................................................. 74 3.3.1. Recommendation for transport infrastructure........................................... 75 3.3.2. Recommendation for transport corridors and international supply chains 76 3.3.3. Recommendation for mechanism of managing trade facilitation activities .......................................................................................................................... 77 3.3.4. Recommendation for transport and logistics services............................... 78 CONCLUSION.................................................................................................... 80 LIST OF REFERENCES.................................................................................... 82 APPENDIXES ..................................................................................................... 88 ThiNganHang.com ThiNganHang.com
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iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviation Meaning APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ASEAN Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ASEM Asia – European Meeting ETI Enabling Trade Index EU European Union FDI Foreign direct investment GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GCI Global Competitiveness Index GSO General Statistics Office of Vietnam HCMC Ho Chi Minh City ITC International Trade Center IWT Inland waterway transport KL Kuala Lumpur KLIA Kuala Lumpur International Airport KTMB Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad LPI Logistic Performance Index LRT Light rail transit MITI Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Malaysia MOIT Ministry of Industry and Trade, Vietnam MOT Ministry of Transport, Vietnam OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development PPP Public – Private Partnership RM Malaysia Ringgit TEU Twenty-foot equivalent unit UN COMTRADE United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database ThiNganHang.comUNCTADUNECE United Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentUnited Nations Economic Commission for Europe USD United State Dollar VNR Vietnam Railway VNRA Vietnam National Railway Administration WB World Bank WEF World Economic Forum WTO World Trade Organization ThiNganHang.com
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v LIST OF TABLES Table No. Title Page Table 1.1 Some Asia organization’s achievements in trade 20 facilitation Table 1.2 Detailed issues of transportation and logistics services 22 policies / strategies Table 2.1 Top 5 exported products of Malaysia in 2012 - 2013 32 Table 2.2 Top 5 imported products of Malaysia in 2012 - 2013 32 Table 2.3 FDI inflows of some ASEAN nations (2008 - 2013) 34 Table 2.4 LPI score and rank of some ASEAN nations (2007 - 2014) 38 Table 2.5 ETI score and rank of some ASEAN nations (2010 - 2014) 40 Table 2.6 Recent and upcoming PPP projects in Malaysia (2011 - 53 2015) Table 3.1 Top 10 highest value exporting products of Vietnam (2008 57 - 2013) Table 3.2 ETI and some of its components of Vietnam (2009 - 2014) 61 Table 3.3 Transport infrastructure score and ranking of Vietnam and 61 Malaysia Table 3.4 Proportion of freight volume by type of transport in 62 Vietnam from 2005 to 2013 ThiNganHang.comTable 3.5 Vietnam main seaport characteristics, 2010 65 ThiNganHang.com
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vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. Title Page Figure 1.1 Three Pillars of Trade Logistics and Facilitation 10 Figure 1.2 Structure of policy framework for trade facilitation 13 Figure 1.3 Six key dimensions of LPI 24 Figure 2.1 Malaysia’s GDP growth from 1995 to 2014 (%) 29 Figure 2.2 Malaysia's foreign trade value and trade balance (2005 - 31 2014) Figure 2.3 LPI dimensions of Malaysia and some other ASEAN 39 nations (2014) Figure 2.4 LPI overperformers and underperformers 39 Figure 3.1 Vietnam’s GDP growth from 1995 to 2015 (%) 55 Figure 3.2 Vietnam’s foreign trade value and trade balance (2003 - 56 2013) Figure 3.3 Vietnam’s Major Exports and Imports, by Country of 58 Origin/Destination, 2013 Figure 3.4 LPI and its dimensions score of Vietnam (2007 - 2014) 59 Figure 3.5 LPI and its dimensions rank of Vietnam (2007 - 2014) 60 ThiNganHang.com ThiNganHang.com
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1 INTRODUCTION 1. Study background Recently, joining more and more regional and international organizations, expanding diplomatic relations and making bilateral and multilateral cooperation agreements with various countries and territories have brought a plenty of opportunities for countries, especially for the developing ones. The biggest advantage coming along with trade liberalization is that domestic firms are more likely to expand their business to international market, which means growth in exporting volume. However, the domestic firms may hardly take all advantages from international trade liberalization if their countries fail to facilitate trade sector. In Vietnam, despite the fact that trade activities recently have been positively contributing to the economic growth with focus on exporting goods that we have comparative advantages in producing, the limitations in trade facilitation have still acted as burden for the development. Some milestones had significantly great effects to export situation of Vietnam, such as: Vietnam became a member of ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) in 1996; the bilateral trade between the U.S and Vietnam has developed rapidly after the signing of the U.S – Vietnam Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) in 2001; Vietnam became a member of WTO in 2007 and upcoming are various potential agreements such as ASEAN - Japan Free Trade Agreement, Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement (TPP), Vietnam - EU Free Trade Agreement and most importantly, ASEAN Economic Community (AEC). These events brought promising future to our trade ThiNganHang.comliberalization and force the exporting volume to rise. What trade liberation has brought to the world economy is remarkable, but it will be exploited soon. Consequently, Vietnam’s competitiveness in exporting could not be maintained strong and may not inactively respond in time to the changes in international market if we only based on the advantages of those affairs. There has been extreme reduce in tariffs, with some kinds of goods the tariff is a mere of just over 0%. In addition, the quota for many products has been eliminated. It is evident that trade facilitation will help to boost our competitiveness, to launch fresh initiatives in new sectors and to take advantage of all chances given by trade ThiNganHang.com
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2 liberation. Hence, the policy makers of Vietnam need to solve the questions: to facilitate trade, we should start from where and by which way? Despite locating in the South East Asia region, and having various geographic, political and social characteristics as our nation, Malaysia is at higher level of economic development. Mastering in creating a set of solutions to facilitate trade, Malaysia would definitely show valuable experiences and be a typical model for Vietnam in terms of building up and developing a country comprehensively. Regarding the mentioned background, in order to improve our competitiveness in exporting and take advantage of opportunities offered by trade liberation, the issue of creating facilitation as a stable factor of development in trade should be paid appropriate attention. The issue requires policy maker of Vietnam have a clear and comprehensive view on every related issues, and learn from other countries that have been successful on making economic environment convenient, especially Malaysia. Realizing the essence, urgency of the topic and also possible positive outcome that might be produced during developing the transportation system with purpose of facilitating trade as the Malaysian has done, the topic “Transport and Trade facilitation in Malaysia and lessons for Vietnam” has been chosen for my graduation thesis at Hanoi Foreign Trade University. 2. Literature review As analyzed above, due to the fact that trade liberation has provided us with a lot of opportunities, there have been many academic researches aiming at investigating its impacts to the economic situation, as well as producing recommendation to find the best way to improve Vietnam’s ability to expand our ThiNganHang.comexporting market. Meanwhile, the topic of trade facilitation has appeared lately andremained quite new. It inarguably deserves more serious concerns from scientists. During the time this thesis is written, there have been a few academic materials assessing either transportation situation or trade facilitation in Malaysia and Vietnam. Needless to say, they are quite informative and worth for reference. Report of World Bank (WB) in 2013 named “Trade Facilitation, Value Creation, and Competitiveness: Policy Implications for Vietnam’s Economic Growth” highlighted the 3 key dimensions of trade facilitation with focus on physical ThiNganHang.com
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3 characteristics of trade flows. Another report of WB that went into details of many aspects in creating trade facilitation named “Facilitating Trade through Competitive, Low Carbon Transport: The Case for Vietnam’s Inland and Coastal Waterways” wrote about the intervention of inland and coastal waterways infrastructure together with relevant policies, theirs benefits and prospect in the future. “Trade facilitation: Malaysia's experience” by WTO is not less informative than the 2 papers before as it pointed out what Malaysian did to facilitate trade mainly depending on adjusting customs and procedures. However, it seemed hard to find anyone with deep investigation in Malaysia transportation and trade facilitation. As Malaysia and Vietnam are both in South East Asia region and share several similarities, it could be better if there was paper considering this issue of Malaysia and have a connection/comparison with Vietnam. 3. Purpose of the thesis The thesis details actual practices of developing transportation system to facilitate trade in Malaysia in the recent 10 years then analyze the problem in Vietnam within the same period of time. Depending Malaysian’s experience, possible coordination among sectors and ministries would be considered so as to recommend feasible suggestions for Vietnam to build up, adjust and maintain the transport infrastructure to facilitate trade better. 4. Research methodologies In order to investigating in trade facilitation, the theoretical systems of reputable international organizations, especially the theory and regulations of WTO, have been used as basis of the thesis. Moreover, the readers will find various sets of ThiNganHang.comdata to be quoted and combined in the content; those may come from the statisticaldata or reports of organizations like UN COMTRADE, WB. Using that data helps to make critical comparison, draw logical conclusion and get lessons learned from Malaysia. Additionally, other methods such as inductive method, qualitative method and theoretical method will also be used. 5. The subject and scope of the thesis The subject of the thesis is trade facilitation in Malaysia, focusing on the changes in the effects of transport infrastructure and logistics services. Combining ThiNganHang.com
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