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VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FACULTY OF AGRONOMY --------------------------------------------------- UNDERGRADUATE THESIS TITLE: EFFECT OF ORGANIC EXTRACTED NUTRIENT SOLUTION ON GROWTH, YIELD OF SOME LEAF VEGETABLES ON VERTICAL AQUAPONICS SYSTEM STUDENT : PHAN NHAT THANH STUDENT CODE : 613091 CLASS: K61KHCTT INSTRUCTOR : Dr. NGUYEN THI AI NGHIA DEPARTMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL METHODS & BIOLOGY STATISTICS HANOI - 2021
REASSURANCES I hereby declare that the data and research results presented in this thesis are completely honest and objective, made on the basis of theoretical research, specialized knowledge, actual survey research. Any assistance in the implementation of this thesis is appreciated and the information cited in the thesis is clearly traced. Hanoi, February 24, 2021 Student Phan Nhat Thanh i
ACKNOWLEGEMENTS To complete this thesis, I am deeply indebted to many people for their advice, instruction and support. First and foremost, I would like to send my gratitude to my instructor, Dr. Nguyen Thi Ai Nghia, Department of Experimental Methods & Biology Statistics, Faculty of Agronomy, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, for her enthusiastic support, helpful advice and considerable encouragement in the completion of my thesis. I would also like to give my gratitude to my teachers who gave me the necessary knowledge and skills during my time here. Especially I would also like to give my gratitude to all of my teachers in faculty of Agronomy and Center for Organic Agriculture Promotion and Studies. In addition, I would like to acknowledge my family, who always stood by me, for their in conditional love and support, both financially and emotionally throughout my work. Save the best for last, I want to express my thanks to my friends in Vietnam National University of Agriculture for their friendship and support. Hanoi, February 24, 2021 Student Phan Nhat Thanh ii
CONTENTS REASSURANCES............................................................................................ i ACKNOWLEGEMENTS................................................................................ii CONTENTS....................................................................................................iii LIST OF ACRONYMS................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES.........................................................................................vii LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT..................................................................................................... x Chapter I INTRODUCTION............................................................................ 1 1.1. Introduction........................................................................................ 1 1.2. Objectives and requirements.............................................................. 2 1.2.1. Objectives........................................................................................... 2 1.2.2. Requirements ..................................................................................... 2 1.3. Research scope................................................................................... 3 1.4. New contributions, the scientific or practical significance of the topic.................................................................................................... 3 1.4.1. New contributions of the topic........................................................... 3 1.4.2. The scientific or practical significance of the topic........................... 3 Chapter II LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................... 4 2.1. Overview of the aquaponics system .................................................. 4 2.1.1. The definition of aquaponics system................................................. 4 2.1.2. Several popular aquaponics systems in the world............................. 9 2.2. Vertical aquaponics system ............................................................. 10 2.2.1. Vertical farming............................................................................... 10 2.2.2. Vertical aquaponics.......................................................................... 11 2.3. Introduction to the water spinach, loose leaf lettuce and leaf mustard............................................................................................. 13 iii
2.3.1. Water spinach................................................................................... 13 2.3.2. Loose Leaf lettuce............................................................................ 15 2.3.3. Leaf mustard .................................................................................... 17 2.4. Organic nutrient solution is extracted from animal and plant materials........................................................................................... 18 2.4.1. Nutritional supplements for aquaponics.......................................... 18 2.4.2. Extraction process............................................................................ 19 2.4.3. The effectiveness of organics nutrient solution............................... 19 2.5. Some research articles on aquaponics system ................................. 20 Chapter III MATERIAL AND METHOD..................................................... 24 3.1. Object and Material.......................................................................... 24 3.1.1. Object............................................................................................... 24 3.2. Place and time.................................................................................. 25 3.3. Research contents............................................................................. 25 3.4. Methods............................................................................................ 26 3.4.1. Research methods. ........................................................................... 26 3.4.2. Technical application....................................................................... 27 3.5. Characteristics.................................................................................. 27 3.6. Data analysis.................................................................................... 28 Chapter IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION................................................. 29 4.1. Results of environmental factors during the research period .......... 29 4.1.1. The pH.............................................................................................. 29 4.1.2. TDS concentrations.......................................................................... 30 4.2. Effect of organic extracted nutrient solution concentration on growth characteristics and physiologic characteristics of water spinach. ............................................................................................ 31 4.2.1. Effect of organic extracted nutrient solution concentration on growth characteristics of water spinach........................................... 31 iv
4.2.2. Effect of organic extracted nutrient solution concentration on SPAD index, Brix value and leaf area of water spinach. ................ 36 4.2.3. Effect of organic extracted nutrient solution concentration on the yield of water spinach................................................................ 38 4.3. Effect of organic extracted nutrient solution concentration on growth characteristics and physiologic characteristics of loose leaf lettuce........................................................................................ 39 4.3.1. Effect of organic extracted nutrient solution concentration on growth characteristics of loose leaf lettuce...................................... 39 4.3.2. Effect of organic extracted nutrient solution concentration on SPAD index, Brix value and leaf area of loose leaf lettuce.. .......... 43 4.3.3. Effect of organic extracted nutrient solution concentration on the yield of loose leaf lettuce........................................................... 45 4.4. Effect of organic extracted nutrient solution concentration on growth characteristics and physiologic characteristics of leaf mustard............................................................................................. 46 4.4.1. Effect of organic extracted nutrient solution concentration on growth characteristics of leaf mustard............................................. 46 4.4.2. Effect of organic extracted nutrient solution concentration on SPAD index, Brix value and leaf area of leaf mustard.................... 49 4.4.3. Effect of organic extracted nutrient solution concentration on the yield of leaf mustard. ................................................................. 52 4.5. Revenues and profits of the aquaponics system .............................. 53 Chapter V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS................................... 56 5.1. Conclusions ...................................................................................... 56 5.2 Suggestions ...................................................................................... 57 REFERENCES............................................................................................... 58 v
LIST OF ACRONYMS AP Aquaponics production Brix Sugar content of an aqueous solution DPT Days post-transplant DWC Deep water culture NFT Nutrient Film Technique PSDR-LIPI Regional Resources Research Center - Institute of Science Indonesian knowledge RAS Recirculating aquaculture system SPAD Measure specific to chlorophyll content in plant leaves TDS Totals dissolved solids vi
LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1. Nutritional ingredients are in the original organic nutrient solution...............................................................................................................19 Table 4.1. The pH variation in the fish tank ..............................................................30 Table 4.2. The TDS variation in the fish tank (g/L)...............................................31 Table 4.3. Effect of organics nutrient solution concentration on water spinach height..................................................................................................32 Table 4.4. Effect of organics nutrient solution concentration on number of leaves of water spinach..........................................................................34 Table 4.5. Effect of organics nutrient solution concentration on SPAD index of water spinach.................................................................................36 Table 4.6. Effect of organics nutrient solution concentration on Brix value and leaf area of water spinach......................................................37 Table 4.7. Effects of organics nutrient solution on some indicators of yield and product quality............................................................................39 Table 4.8. The effect of organics nutrient solution concentration on loose leaf lettuce height...............................................................................40 Table 4.9. Effect of organics nutrient solution concentration on number of leaves of loose leaf lettuce....................................................................42 Table 4.10. Effect of organics nutrient solution concentration on SPAD index of loose leaf lettuce...........................................................................43 Table 4.11. Effect of organics nutrient solution concentration on Brix value and leaf area of loose leaf lettuce................................................44 Table 4.12. Effects of organics nutrient solution on some indicators of yield and product quality............................................................................45 Table 4.13. The effect of organics nutrient solution concentration on leaf mustard height.................................................................................................47 vii
Table 4.14. The effect of organics nutrient solution concentration on number of leaf of leaf mustard.................................................................48 Table 4.15. Effect of nutrient solution concentration on SPAD index of leaf mustard......................................................................................................50 Table 4.16. Effect of organics nutrient solution concentration on Brix value and leaf area of leaf mustard.........................................................51 Table 4.17. Effects of organics nutrient solution on some indicators of yield and product quality............................................................................53 Table 4.18. The revenue and profits of aquaponics system..................................54 viii
LIST OF FIGURES Fig 2.1. The model illustrates the working principle of the vertical Aquaponics system........................................................................................... 12 Fig 2.2. The number of papers published on ‘Hydroponics’, ‘Recirculating aquaculture system’(RAS) and ‘Aquaponics’ from 1980 to 2018 (data were collected from the Scopus database on 30 January 2019) (Goddek et al, 2019)........................... 21 Fig 4.1. Height growth of water spinach in the experiment.............................. 33 Fig 4.2. Effect of organics nutrient solution concentration on number of leaves of water spinach.............................................................................. 35 Fig 4.3. SPAD index, brix value and leaf area of water spinach at the day of harvest...................................................................................................... 37 Fig 4.4. The effect of organics nutrient solution concentration on loose leaf lettuce height.............................................................................................. 40 Fig 4.5. Effect of organics nutrient solution concentration on number of leaves of loose leaf lettuce....................................................................... 42 Fig 4.6. SPAD index, brix value and leaf area of loose leaf lettuce at the day of harvest.............................................................................................. 44 Fig 4.7. The effect of organics nutrient solution concentration...................... 47 Fig 4.8. The effect of organics nutrient solution concentration on number of leaf of leaf mustard..................................................................... 49 Fig 4.9. Effect of organics nutrient solution concentration on Brix value, leaf area and SPAD index of leaf mustard ................................ 51 ix
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