French Grammar Lessons

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SIMPLIFIED BASIC FRENCH GRAMMAR (and pronunciation) LESSONS ☺ PRONUNCIATION ® ALPHABET a ah g zheh m em s ess y ee-grek b beh h ahsh n en t teh z zed c seh i ee o oh u ew d deh j zhee p peh v veh e uh k kah q kew w doo-bluh-veh f eff l ell r air x eeks French Vowels IPA Phonetic spelling Sample words General spellings [i] ee vie, midi, lit, riz i, y [y] ee rounded rue, jus, tissu, usine u [e] ay blé, nez, cahier, pied é, et, final er and ez [ø] ay rounded jeu, yeux, queue, bleu eu [ɛ] eh lait, aile, balai, reine e, è, ê, ai, ei, ais [œ] eh rounded sœur, œuf, fleur, beurre œu, eu [a] ah chat, ami, papa, salade a, à, â [ɑ] ah longer bas, âne, grâce, château a, â [u] oo loup, cou, caillou, outil ou [o] oh eau, dos, escargot, hôtel o, ô [ɔ] aw sol, pomme, cloche, horloge o [ə] uh fenêtre, genou, cheval, cerise e French semi-vowels IPA Phonetic spelling Sample words General spelling [w] w fois, oui, Louis oi, ou [ɥ] ew-ee lui, suisse ui [j] yuh oreille, Mireille ill, y 1

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French Consonants ex + vowel egz examen, exercice ex + consonant eks exceptionnel, expression ch (Latin origin) sh architecte, archives ch (Greek origin) k orchestre, archéologie ti + vowel (except é) see démocratie, nation c + e, i, y; or ç s cent, ceinture, maçon c + a, o, u k caillou, car, cube g + e, i, y zh genou, gingembre g + a, o, u g gomme, ganglion th t maths, thème, thym j zh jambe, jus, jeune qu, final q k que, quoi, grecque h silent haricot, herbe, hasard vowel + s + vowel z rose, falaise, casino x + vowel z six ans, beaux arts final x s six, dix, soixante (these 3 only!) There are a lot of silent letters in French, and you usually do not pronounce the final consonant, unless that final consonant is c, r, f or l (except verbs that end in -r). Stress & Intonation: Stress on syllables is not as pronounced as in English and it generally falls on the last syllable of the word. Intonation usually only rises for yes/no questions, and all other times, it goes down at the end of the sentence. NOUN GENDER: All nouns in French have a gender, either masculine or feminine. It is very important to learn a noun's gender along with the noun itself because articles (a, the) and adjectives change depending on the gender of the noun they precede or follow. Notice that the masculine words are preceded by le and feminine words are preceded by la both of which mean the. ® Most words in French that end in a consonant or a -u are masculine. (Except -eur, -on) (Also words that end in -ble, cle, -de, -ge, -me, –ste, -tre) le corps (body) le dos (back) le nez (nose) le froid (coldness) le bras (arm) le vent (wind) le pied (foot) le chaud (heat) le dîner (dinner) le goûter (snack) le printemps (spring) le cou (neck) le déjeuner (lunch) le ventre (stomach) 2

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® Most words in French that end in -e, -é, -lle, -eur and -on are feminine. (Except -ble, -cle, -de, -ge, -me, -ste, -tre) la tête (head) la jambe (leg) la fatigue (fatigue) la bouche (mouth) la heure (hour) la famille (family) ® There are a few exceptions. (Here are the ones expressed in these lesson plans): The words faim (hunger), dent (tooth), main (hand) and soif (thirst) end in consonants yet they are feminineÆ la faim, la dent, la main, la soif ® Before a vowel the article becomes l’. Since the h is silent,the word acts exactly as if it began with a vowel. l’œil (eye) l’été (summer) l’hiver (winter) l’oreille (ear) l’automne (fall) ® Naturally words like la mère, la fille and la sœur that refer to females are feminine while words like le père, le fils and le frère that refer to males are masculine. ® Days of the week are all masculine in gender and they are not capitalized in writing: lundi, mardi, mercredi, jeudi, vendredi, samedi, dimanche NUMBER (PLURALIZING NOUNS):Even though in English the word the does not become plural, la and le both become les when pluralized. To make a noun plural, you usually add an -s (which is not pronounced). But there are some exceptions: ® If a noun already ends in an -s, add nothing: le bras Æ les bras ® If a noun ends in –eu, -eau or -ou add an x: le cou Æ les coux ® If a noun ends in -al or -ail, change it to –aux: le cheval Æ les chevaux horse(s) Exceptions: bleu, un œil (eye) Æ des yeux (eyes). ADJECTIVES: In English, adjectives are always found in front of the noun, but most French adjectives follow the noun they modify (describe).Articles and adjectives must agree in number (singular/plural) and gender (masculine/feminine) with the nouns they modify. ® Usually the feminine adjective is formed by adding an e to the masculine form. To form the plural, just add an –s. If the adjective ends in an x or an s already, add nothing. SINGULAR PLURAL grand, grande grands, grandes gros, grosse gros, grosses petit, petite petits, petites blanc, blanche blancs, blanches gris, grise gris, grises vert, verte verts, vertes bleu, bleue bleus, bleues noir, noire noirs, noires violet, violette violets, violettes 3

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® Since the final consonant of the plural is silent, the plural forms of the adjective are pronounced the same as singular forms. ® Adjectives that end in e do not change for the feminine. They simply add s for the plural. rouge, rouge rouges ® Some adjectives of color do not change to agree with gender or number, such as adjectives that also exist as nouns: orange, marron, rose; remain masculine even if they describe a feminine noun. COMPARISONS: Comparisons are expressed as follows: plus [adjective] que more [adjective] than Ex: plus grande que literally more tall than but more common astaller than plus blanc que whiter than plus rouge que redder than plus petit que smaller than plus gross que fatter than plus grand que bigger/taller than plus mince que thinner than ® Remember that adjectives must agree in gender and number: Brigitte est plus grande que Antoine. (“grande” is describing Brigitte) Antoine est plus grand que Gérard. (“grand” is describing Antoine) Philippe y Michel sont plus grands que Monique. (“grands” is describing Philippe and Michel) Colette y Louise sont más grandes que Luc. (“grandes” is describing Colette and Louise) VERBS: This is where there is a lot of variance from English. Conjugation means to change a verb to fit a subject (and tense). Verbs are conjugated differently between the two languages. ® A verb that has not been conjugated is called an “infinitive”. In French an infinitive ends in -er, -ir or -re. For example: déjeuner, dîner, goûter. In English an infinitive has the word “to” in front. The words on the line above in English mean: to eat lunch, to eat dinner, to eat a snack (respectfully). Other verbs used in these lesson plans include: (Notice the endings) 4

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avoir = to have venir = to come être = to be aller = to go s’appeler (to be called/named) dire = to say, to tell faire = to make, to do toucher = to touch pleuvoir = to rain faire mal = to hurt, to ache neiger = to snow revoir = to meet arrêter = to stop aimer = to like, to love regarder = to look at, to watch écouter = to listen to ® In English we have (in most cases) two conjugated forms of a verb in the present tense. For example: I walk. He walks. Walk is used for many subjects: You walk. They walk. We walk. You all walk. When the subject is singular then it becomes “walks”. (Ironic that a singular subject uses a verb with an “s” on the end ☺.) ® In French there are 6 different verb endings in the present tense. The one you use depends on the subject. In the box below you will see how a conjugation box is set up. The singular subjects are on the left and the plural subjects are on the right. The rows are set up by 1st person, 2nd person and 3rd person. Singular subjects Plural subjects 1st personÆ je = I nous = we 2nd personÆ tu = you vous = you guys 3rd person Æ il = he & elle = she ils, elles = they The 3rd person singular box has limitless subjects: he, she, it, the cat, the house, my friend, New Jersey, the school, etc. Any subject, as long as it is singular and in the 3rd person, fits here. The same hold true for the 3rd person plural box: they, the foxes, the students, my parents, the buildings, the paintings, the countries, etc. ® Each of these boxes will contain a different verb form once the verb is conjugated. Example: Singular verbs Plural verbs 1st personÆ j’ai = I have nous avons = We have 2nd personÆ tú as = You have vous avez = You all have 3rd person Æ il a = He has ellos ont = They have Notice that English uses “have” for all forms except the 3rd person singular where it become “has”: He has, She has, The cat has, Robert has, My mother has, The park has etc. 5

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® Other verbs used in these lesson plans that are already conjugated include: ai = I have Viens! = Come! fait = it makes Va-t’en! = Go! pleut = it rains / it is raining dit = says neige = it snows / it is snowing touche = touch suis = I am aime = I like, I love est = (it) is va = he, she, it goes sont = (they) are vas = you go Arrête! = Stop! vais = I go Regarde! = Look! t’appelles = you call yourself (your name is…) Écoute! = Listen! m’appelle = I call myself (my name is…) NEGATIVES: To make a verb negative, add ne before the verb and pas after it. Il ne fait pas soleil. It is notsunny. Je ne suis pas fatigué. I am nottired. (Use fatigueé for a girl. Pronounced the same.) Il ne neige pas. It is notsnowing. Je *n’aime pas ça. I do notlike that. Je *n’ai pas froid. I am notcold. (*a contraction is used when the word which follows ne begins with a vowel) AVOIR and FAIRE (Expressing needs and telling the weather) In English we say “I am thirsty. I am hungry. I am cold. I am hot.” We use the verb “to be” and adjectives: thirsty, hungry, cold and hot. In French we use the verb avoir (to have) and nouns to say the same thing: “J’ai soif. J’ai faim. J’ai froid. J’ai chaud.” Soif, faim, froid and chaud are nouns which means the sentences literally say “I have thirst. I have hunger. I have coldness. I have heat.” The same thing happens when telling the weather. In English we say “It is hot. It is cold. It is windy. It is sunny. “ Once again we use “to be” and adjectives. In French we use faire (to make) and nouns. Chaud (heat), froid (coldness), vent (wind), soleil (sun) are all nouns. We use fait (the singular form of the verb faire) with these nouns. Il fait soleil literally means It makes sun. It seems odd to have “it” be the subject of the weather. In a sense it helps to think of the “it” as Mother Nature or Jack Frost both singular subjects. French Literal translation Comprehensible English ☺ Il fait chaud. It makes heat. Æ It is hot. Il fait froid. It makes coldness. Æ It is cold. Il fait du vent. It makes wind. Æ It is windy. Il fait soleil. It makes sun. Æ It is sunny. ® AVOIR (to have) to express pain: To say something hurts or that you have an ache, you can use avoir mal à (body part): 6

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J'ai mal à la tête. I have pain in the head. (I have a headache.) J'ai mal au* ventre. I have pain in the stomach. (I have a stomachache.) J’ai mal au* bras. I have pain in the arm. (My arm hurts.) J’ai mal au* dos. I have pain in the back. (I have a backache.) J’ai mal aux* dents. I have pain in the teeth. (My teeth hurt.) (*a contraction is formed with masculine nouns: à + le = au / aux is the plural) DEMONSTRATIVES: This is a fancy name given words like this and that. In French there are masculine and feminine forms to these words. However, to simplify this complicated structure we will stick with ça. This is the spoken equilvalent of ceci (this) and cela (that) which are used in formal French. J’aime ça. I like this. I like that. Je n’aime pas ça. I don’t like this. I don’t like that. TIME: The question ¿Quelle heure est-il? literally means What hour is it? ® “It is one o’clock” is said “Il est une heure” which literally means “It is one hour”. Une (the feminine way to say one) is used because the word “heure” is feminine. One is the only number that can be feminine when telling time. Once the number to tell time is plural (2:00, 3:00, 4:00 etc), the structure word heure becomes plural: Il est deux heures. Il est trois heures. Il est quatre heures. etc. ® When you want to say “It is time to [verb]”, you would use a verb in the infinitive form just as we do in English (marked by the “to”). You are saying “It is the hour to [verb]”. C’est l’heure du petit déjeuner. It is time toeat breakfast. C’est l’heure du déjeuner. It is time toeat lunch. C’est l’heure du goûter. It is time toeat a snack. C’est l’heure du dîner. It is time toeat dinner. C’est l’heure du lire. It is time toread. C’est l’heure du dormir. It is time tosleep. C’est l’heure du jouer. It is time toplay. C’est l’heure du ramasser. It is time toclean up. ORDINAL NUMBERS: Ordinal numbers are used to express rank or position. ® All ordinal numbers in French (except first and second) are created by dropping the final e (if any) from their corresponding cardinal number and then adding -ième: trois Æ troisième huit Æ huitième quatre Æ quatrième neuf Æ neuvième cinq Æ cinquième dix Æ dixième six Æ sixième onze Æ onzième sept Æ septième ® Notice the spelling changes in cinquième and neuvième ® First is the only ordinal number that has a masculine form premier and a feminine form première. They must agree in number with the noun to which they refer. la première fille the first daughter le premier fils the first son 7

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DATE: The structure for saying a date in French goes from smallest increment (day) to medium sized increment ☺ (month) to the largest increment (year). It looks like this: C’est le (day)(month)(year). It is the (day)(month)(year). Example: C'est le 8 avril 2008. The literal translation is: It is the 8 April 2008. They would actually write this date like this: 08-04-08 (which is not August 4th ☺). Some students might think this is great but it will drive the rest wacko! To say My birthday is ____,start with Mon anniversaire est then follow the date structure. Mon anniversaire est le (day) (month) (year). Months and days of the week are NOT capitalized in French. The only things that are capitalized are proper nouns and the first word in a sentence (even with book titles!) SEASONS: The seasons are simple. C’est l’éte. It is summer. C’est l’automne. It is fall. C’est l’hiver. It is winter. C’est le printemps. It is spring. Students can put it together with the days of the week and the weather and say: C'est lundi, le 4 février. C’est l’hiver. Il fait froid et neige. It is Monday, the 4 February. It is winter. It is cold and snowing. 8

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