Trang 2
PUBLISHED BY Microsoft Press A Division of Microsoft Corporation One Microsoft Way Redmond, Washington 98052-6399 Copyright © 2004 by Steven C. McConnell All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McConnell, Steve Code Complete / Steve McConnell.--2nd ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-7356-1967-0 1. Computer Software--Development--Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title. QA76.76.D47M39 2004 005.1--dc22 2004049981 Printed and bound in the United States of America. 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 QGT 6 5 4 3 2 1 Distributed in Canada by H.B. Fenn and Company Ltd. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further information about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft Press Inter- national directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at www.microsoft.com/mspress. Send comments to mspinput@microsoft.com. wnload from Wow! eBook <www.wowebook.com>o Microsoft, Microsoft Press, PowerPoint, Visual Basic, Windows, and Windows NT are either registered trade- D marks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Other product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners. The example companies, organizations, products, domain names, e-mail addresses, logos, people, places, and events depicted herein are fictitious. No association with any real company, organization, product, domain name, e-mail address, logo, person, place, or event is intended or should be inferred. This book expresses the author’s views and opinions. The information contained in this book is provided with- out any express, statutory, or implied warranties. Neither the authors, Microsoft Corporation, nor its resellers, or distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused either directly or indirectly by this book. Acquisitions Editors: Linda Engelman and Robin Van Steenburgh Project Editor: Devon Musgrave Indexer: Bill Myers Principal Desktop Publisher: Carl Diltz Body Part No. X10-53130
Trang 3
To my wife, Ashlie, who doesn't have much to do with computer programming but who has everything to do with enriching the rest of my life in more ways than I could possibly describe
Trang 4
Further Praise for Code Complete “An excellent guide to programming style and software construction.” —Martin Fowler, Refactoring “Steve McConnell’s Code Complete . . . provides a fast track to wisdom for programmers. . . . His books are fun to read, and you never forget that he is speaking from hard-won personal experience.” —Jon Bentley, Programming Pearls, 2d ed. “This is simply the best book on software construction that I've ever read. Every developer should own a copy and read it cover to cover every year. After reading it annually for nine years, I'm still learning things from this book!” —John Robbins, Debugging Applications for Microsoft .NET and Microsoft Windows “Today’s softwaremust be robust and resilient, and secure code starts with disciplined software construction. After ten years, there is still no better authority than Code Complete.” —Michael Howard, Security Engineering, Microsoft Corporation; Coauthor, Writing Secure Code “A comprehensive examination of the tactical issues that go into crafting a well-engineered program. McConnell’s work covers such diverse topics as architecture, coding standards, testing, integration, and the nature of software craftsmanship.” —Grady Booch, Object Solutions “The ultimate encyclopedia for the software developer is Code Complete by Steve McConnell. Subtitled ‘A Practical Handbook of Software Construction,’ this 850-page book is exactly that. Its stated goal is to narrow the gap between the knowledge of ‘industry gurus and pro- fessors’ (Yourdon and Pressman, for example) and common commercial practice, and ‘to help you write better programs in less time with fewer headaches.’ . . . Every developer should own a copy of McConnell's book. Its style and content are thoroughly practical.” —Chris Loosley, High-Performance Client/Server “Steve McConnell’s seminal book Code Complete is one of the most accessible works discuss- ing in detail software development methods. . . .” —Erik Bethke, Game Development and Production “A mine of useful information and advice on the broader issues in designing and producing good software.” —John Dempster, The Laboratory Computer: A Practical Guide for Physiologists and Neuroscien- tists
Trang 5
“If you are serious about improving your programming skills, you should get Code Complete by Steve McConnell.” —Jean J. Labrosse, Embedded Systems Building Blocks: Complete and Ready-To-Use Modules in C “Steve McConnell has written one of the best books on software development independent of computer environment . . . Code Complete.” —Kenneth Rosen, Unix: The Complete Reference “Every half an age or so, you come across a book that short-circuits the school of experience and saves you years of purgatory. . . . I cannot adequately express how good this book really is. Code Complete is a pretty lame title for a work of brilliance.” —Jeff Duntemann, PC Techniques “Microsoft Press has published what I consider to be the definitive book on software con- struction. This is a book that belongs on every software developer’s shelf.” —Warren Keuffel, Software Development “Every programmer should read this outstanding book.” —T. L. (Frank) Pappas, Computer “If you aspire to be a professional programmer, this may be the wisest $35 investment you’ll ever make. Don’t stop to read the rest of this review: just run out and buy it. McConnell’s stat- ed purpose is to narrow the gap between the knowledge of industry gurus and common com- mercial practice. . . . The amazing thing is that he succeeds.” —Richard Mateosian, IEEE Micro “Code Complete should be required reading for anyone . . . in software development.” —Tommy Usher, C Users Journal “I’m encouraged to stick my neck out a bit further than usual and recommend, without res- ervation, Steve McConnell’s Code Complete. . . . My copy has replaced my API reference man- uals as the book that’s closest to my keyboard while I work.” —Jim Kyle, Windows Tech Journal “This well-written but massive tome is arguably the best single volume ever written on the practical aspects of software implementation.” —Tommy Usher, Embedded Systems Programming “This is the best book on software engineering that I have yet read.” —Edward Kenworth, .EXE Magazine “This book deserves to become a classic, and should be compulsory reading for all develop- ers, and those responsible for managing them.” —Peter Wright, Program Now
Trang 7
Contents at a Glance Part I Laying the Foundation 1 Welcome to Software Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 2 Metaphors for a Richer Understanding of Software Development . . . . .9 3 Measure Twice, Cut Once: Upstream Prerequisites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 4 Key Construction Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Part II Creating High-Quality Code 5 Design in Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 6 Working Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 7 High-Quality Routines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 8 Defensive Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 9 The Pseudocode Programming Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Part III Variables 10 General Issues in Using Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 11 The Power of Variable Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 12 Fundamental Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 13 Unusual Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Part IV Statements 14 Organizing Straight-Line Code. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 15 Using Conditionals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 16 Controlling Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 17 Unusual Control Structures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 18 Table-Driven Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 19 General Control Issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 vii
Trang 8
viii Table of Contents Part V Code Improvements 20 The Software-Quality Landscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 21 Collaborative Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 22 Developer Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 23 Debugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535 24 Refactoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563 25 Code-Tuning Strategies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587 26 Code-Tuning Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609 Part VI System Considerations 27 How Program Size Affects Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649 28 Managing Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661 29 Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689 30 Programming Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709 Part VII Software Craftsmanship 31 Layout and Style. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729 32 Self-Documenting Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777 33 Personal Character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819 34 Themes in Software Craftsmanship. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837 35 Where to Find More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855
Trang 9
Table of Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxvii List of Checklists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxix List of Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxi List of Figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxiii Part I Laying the Foundation 1 Welcome to Software Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 1.1 What Is Software Construction?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 Why Is Software Construction Important? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.3 How to Read This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2 Metaphors for a Richer Understanding of Software Development . . . . .9 2.1 The Importance of Metaphors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.2 How to Use Software Metaphors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.3 Common Software Metaphors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3 Measure Twice, Cut Once: Upstream Prerequisites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3.1 Importance of Prerequisites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3.2 Determine the Kind of Software You’re Working On. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.3 Problem-Definition Prerequisite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3.4 Requirements Prerequisite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 3.5 Architecture Prerequisite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.6 Amount of Time to Spend on Upstream Prerequisites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4 Key Construction Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 4.1 Choice of Programming Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 4.2 Programming Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4.3 Your Location on the Technology Wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4.4 Selection of Major Construction Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 What do you think of this book? Microsoft is interested in hearing your feedback about this publication so we can We want to hear from you! continually improve our books and learning resources for you. To participate in a brief online survey, please visit: www.microsoft.com/learning/booksurvey/ ix
Trang 10
x Table of Contents Part II Creating High-Quality Code 5 Design in Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 5.1 Design Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 5.2 Key Design Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 5.3 Design Building Blocks: Heuristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 5.4 Design Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 5.5 Comments on Popular Methodologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 6 Working Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 6.1 Class Foundations: Abstract Data Types (ADTs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 6.2 Good Class Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 6.3 Design and Implementation Issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 6.4 Reasons to Create a Class. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 6.5 Language-Specific Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 6.6 Beyond Classes: Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 7 High-Quality Routines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 7.1 Valid Reasons to Create a Routine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 7.2 Design at the Routine Level. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 7.3 Good Routine Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 7.4 How Long Can a Routine Be? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 7.5 How to Use Routine Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 7.6 Special Considerations in the Use of Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 7.7 Macro Routines and Inline Routines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 8 Defensive Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 8.1 Protecting Your Program from Invalid Inputs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 8.2 Assertions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 8.3 Error-Handling Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 8.4 Exceptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 8.5 Barricade Your Program to Contain the Damage Caused by Errors . . . . . . . . . . 203 8.6 Debugging Aids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 8.7 Determining How Much Defensive Programming to Leave in Production Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 8.8 Being Defensive About Defensive Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Trang 11
Table of Contents xi 9 The Pseudocode Programming Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 9.1 Summary of Steps in Building Classes and Routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 9.2 Pseudocode for Pros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 9.3 Constructing Routines by Using the PPP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 9.4 Alternatives to the PPP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Part III Variables 10 General Issues in Using Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 10.1 Data Literacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 10.2 Making Variable Declarations Easy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 10.3 Guidelines for Initializing Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 10.4 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 10.5 Persistence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 10.6 Binding Time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 10.7 Relationship Between Data Types and Control Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 10.8 Using Each Variable for Exactly One Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 11 The Power of Variable Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 11.1 Considerations in Choosing Good Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 11.2 Naming Specific Types of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 11.3 The Power of Naming Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 11.4 Informal Naming Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 11.5 Standardized Prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 11.6 Creating Short Names That Are Readable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 11.7 Kinds of Names to Avoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 12 Fundamental Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 12.1 Numbers in General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 12.2 Integers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 12.3 Floating-Point Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 12.4 Characters and Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 12.5 Boolean Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 12.6 Enumerated Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 12.7 Named Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 12.8 Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 12.9 Creating Your Own Types (Type Aliasing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Trang 12
19670.fm Page iv Thursday, April 7, 2011 5:54 PM PUBLISHED BY Microsoft Press A Division of Microsoft Corporation One Microsoft Way Redmond, Washington 98052-6399 Copyright © 2004 by Steven C. McConnell All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McConnell, Steve Code Complete / Steve McConnell.--2nd ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-7356-1967-0 1. Computer Software--Development--Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title. QA76.76.D47M39 2004 005.1--dc22 2004049981 Printed and bound in the United States of America. 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 QGT 6 5 4 3 2 1 Distributed in Canada by H.B. Fenn and Company Ltd. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further information about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft Press Inter- national directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at www.microsoft.com/mspress. Send comments to mspinput@microsoft.com. Microsoft, Microsoft Press, PowerPoint, Visual Basic, Windows, and Windows NT are either registered trade- marks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Other product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners. The example companies, organizations, products, domain names, e-mail addresses, logos, people, places, and events depicted herein are fictitious. No association with any real company, organization, product, domain name, e-mail address, logo, person, place, or event is intended or should be inferred. This book expresses the author’s views and opinions. The information contained in this book is provided with- out any express, statutory, or implied warranties. Neither the authors, Microsoft Corporation, nor its resellers, or distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused either directly or indirectly by this book. Acquisitions Editors: Linda Engelman and Robin Van Steenburgh Project Editor: Devon Musgrave Indexer: Bill Myers Principal Desktop Publisher: Carl Diltz Body Part No. X10-53130
Trang 13
Table of Contents xiii 19.3 Null Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444 19.4 Taming Dangerously Deep Nesting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 19.5 A Programming Foundation: Structured Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 19.6 Control Structures and Complexity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456 Part V Code Improvements 20 The Software-Quality Landscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 20.1 Characteristics of Software Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 20.2 Techniques for Improving Software Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466 20.3 Relative Effectiveness of Quality Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 20.4 When to Do Quality Assurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473 20.5 The General Principle of Software Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474 21 Collaborative Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 21.1 Overview of Collaborative Development Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480 21.2 Pair Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 21.3 Formal Inspections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 21.4 Other Kinds of Collaborative Development Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492 22 Developer Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 22.1 Role of Developer Testing in Software Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 22.2 Recommended Approach to Developer Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 22.3 Bag of Testing Tricks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 22.4 Typical Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 22.5 Test-Support Tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 22.6 Improving Your Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528 22.7 Keeping Test Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529 23 Debugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535 23.1 Overview of Debugging Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535 23.2 Finding a Defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540 23.3 Fixing a Defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550 23.4 Psychological Considerations in Debugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554 23.5 Debugging Tools—Obvious and Not-So-Obvious. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556
Trang 14
xiv Table of Contents 24 Refactoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563 24.1 Kinds of Software Evolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564 24.2 Introduction to Refactoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565 24.3 Specific Refactorings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571 24.4 Refactoring Safely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579 24.5 Refactoring Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582 25 Code-Tuning Strategies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587 25.1 Performance Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588 25.2 Introduction to Code Tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591 25.3 Kinds of Fat and Molasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597 25.4 Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603 25.5 Iteration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605 25.6 Summary of the Approach to Code Tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606 26 Code-Tuning Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609 26.1 Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610 26.2 Loops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616 26.3 Data Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624 26.4 Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630 26.5 Routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639 26.6 Recoding in a Low-Level Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640 26.7 The More Things Change, the More They Stay the Same . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643 Part VI System Considerations 27 How Program Size Affects Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649 27.1 Communication and Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650 27.2 Range of Project Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651 27.3 Effect of Project Size on Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651 27.4 Effect of Project Size on Productivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653 27.5 Effect of Project Size on Development Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654
Trang 15
Table of Contents xv 28 Managing Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661 28.1 Encouraging Good Coding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662 28.2 Configuration Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664 28.3 Estimating a Construction Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671 28.4 Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677 28.5 Treating Programmers as People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680 28.6 Managing Your Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686 29 Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689 29.1 Importance of the Integration Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689 29.2 Integration Frequency—Phased or Incremental? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691 29.3 Incremental Integration Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694 29.4 Daily Build and Smoke Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702 30 Programming Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709 30.1 Design Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710 30.2 Source-Code Tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710 30.3 Executable-Code Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716 30.4 Tool-Oriented Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720 30.5 Building Your Own Programming Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721 30.6 Tool Fantasyland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722 Part VII Software Craftsmanship 31 Layout and Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729 31.1 Layout Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730 31.2 Layout Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736 31.3 Layout Styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738 31.4 Laying Out Control Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745 31.5 Laying Out Individual Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753 31.6 Laying Out Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763 31.7 Laying Out Routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766 31.8 Laying Out Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768
Trang 16
xvi Table of Contents 32 Self-Documenting Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777 32.1 External Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777 32.2 Programming Style as Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778 32.3 To Comment or Not to Comment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781 32.4 Keys to Effective Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785 32.5 Commenting Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792 32.6 IEEE Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813 33 Personal Character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819 33.1 Isn’t Personal Character Off the Topic? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820 33.2 Intelligence and Humility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821 33.3 Curiosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822 33.4 Intellectual Honesty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826 33.5 Communication and Cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828 33.6 Creativity and Discipline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829 33.7 Laziness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830 33.8 Characteristics That Don’t Matter As Much As You Might Think . . . . . . . . . . . 830 33.9 Habits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833 34 Themes in Software Craftsmanship. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837 34.1 Conquer Complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837 34.2 Pick Your Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839 34.3 Write Programs for People First, Computers Second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841 34.4 Program into Your Language, Not in It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843 34.5 Focus Your Attention with the Help of Conventions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844 34.6 Program in Terms of the Problem Domain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845 34.7 Watch for Falling Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848 34.8 Iterate, Repeatedly, Again and Again . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850 34.9 Thou Shalt Rend Software and Religion Asunder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851
Trang 17
Table of Contents xvii 35 Where to Find More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855 35.1 Information About Software Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856 35.2 Topics Beyond Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857 35.3 Periodicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859 35.4 A Software Developer’s Reading Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 860 35.5 Joining a Professional Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862 Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885 What do you think of this book? Microsoft is interested in hearing your feedback about this publication so we can We want to hear from you! continually improve our books and learning resources for you. To participate in a brief online survey, please visit: www.microsoft.com/learning/booksurvey/
Trang 19
Preface The gap between the best software engineering practice and the average practice is very wide—perhaps wider than in any other engineering discipline. A tool that disseminates good practice would be important. —Fred Brooks My primary concern in writing this book has been to narrow the gap between the knowledge of industry gurus and professors on the one hand and common commer- cial practice on the other. Many powerful programming techniques hide in journals and academic papers for years before trickling down to the programming public. Although leading-edge software-development practice has advanced rapidly in recent years, common practice hasn’t. Many programs are still buggy, late, and over budget, and many fail to satisfy the needs of their users. Researchers in both the software industry and academic settings have discovered effective practices that eliminate most of the programming problems that have been prevalent since the 1970s. Because these practices aren’t often reported outside the pages of highly specialized technical journals, however, most programming organizations aren’t yet using them today. Studies have found that it typically takes 5 to 15 years or more for a research develop- ment to make its way into commercial practice (Raghavan and Chand 1989, Rogers 1995, Parnas 1999). This handbook shortcuts the process, making key discoveries available to the average programmer now. Who Should Read This Book? The research and programming experience collected in this handbook will help you to create higher-quality software and to do your work more quickly and with fewer problems. This book will give you insight into why you’ve had problems in the past and will show you how to avoid problems in the future. The programming practices described here will help you keep big projects under control and help you maintain and modify software successfully as the demands of your projects change. Experienced Programmers This handbook serves experienced programmers who want a comprehensive, easy-to- use guide to software development. Because this book focuses on construction, the most familiar part of the software life cycle, it makes powerful software development techniques understandable to self-taught programmers as well as to programmers with formal training. xix
Trang 20
xx Preface Technical Leads Many technical leads have used Code Complete to educate less-experienced program- mers on their teams. You can also use it to fill your own knowledge gaps. If you’re an experienced programmer, you might not agree with all my conclusions (and I would be surprised if you did), but if you read this book and think about each issue, only rarely will someone bring up a construction issue that you haven’t previously considered. Self-Taught Programmers If you haven’t had much formal training, you’re in good company. About 50,000 new developers enter the profession each year (BLS 2004, Hecker 2004), but only about 35,000 software-related degrees are awarded each year (NCES 2002). From these fig- ures it’s a short hop to the conclusion that many programmers don’t receive a formal education in software development. Self-taught programmers are found in the emerg- ing group of professionals—engineers, accountants, scientists, teachers, and small- business owners—who program as part of their jobs but who do not necessarily view themselves as programmers. Regardless of the extent of your programming educa- tion, this handbook can give you insight into effective programming practices. Students The counterpoint to the programmer with experience but little formal training is the fresh college graduate. The recent graduate is often rich in theoretical knowledge but poor in the practical know-how that goes into building production programs. The practical lore of good coding is often passed down slowly in the ritualistic tribal dances of software architects, project leads, analysts, and more-experienced program- mers. Even more often, it’s the product of the individual programmer’s trials and errors. This book is an alternative to the slow workings of the traditional intellectual potlatch. It pulls together the helpful tips and effective development strategies previ- ously available mainly by hunting and gathering from other people’s experience. It’s a hand up for the student making the transition from an academic environment to a professional one. Where Else Can You Find This Information? This book synthesizes construction techniques from a variety of sources. In addition to being widely scattered, much of the accumulated wisdom about construction has resided outside written sources for years (Hildebrand 1989, McConnell 1997a). There is nothing mysterious about the effective, high-powered programming tech- niques used by expert programmers. In the day-to-day rush of grinding out the latest project, however, few experts take the time to share what they have learned. Conse-
Hiển thị 20 trang đầu. Tải tài liệu để xem đầy đủ.
Bình luận (0)
Chưa có bình luận nào. Hãy là người đầu tiên!