SPSS for Beginners Copyright © 1999 Vijay Gupta Published by VJBooks Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher except in the case of brief quotations embodied in reviews, articles, and research papers. Making copies of any part of this book for any purpose other than personal use is a violation of United States and international copyright laws. For information contact Vijay Gupta at vgupta1000@aol.com. You can reach the author at vgupta1000@aol.com. The author welcomes feedback but will not act as a help desk for the SPSS program. Library of Congress Catalog No.: Pending ISBN: Pending First year of printing: 1999 Date of this copy: Dec 15, 1999 This book is sold as is, without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, respecting the contents of this book, including but not limited to implied warranties for the book's quality, performance, merchantability, or fitness for any particular purpose. Neither the author, the publisher and its dealers, nor distributors shall be liable to the purchaser or any other person or entity with respect to any liability, loss, or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the book. This book is based on SPSS versions 7.x through 10.0. SPSS is a registered trademark of SPSS Inc. Publisher: VJBooks Inc. Editor: Vijay Gupta Author: Vijay Gupta www.vgupta.com About the Author Vijay Gupta has taught statistics, econometrics, SPSS, LIMDEP, STATA, Excel, Word, Access, and SAS to graduate students at Georgetown University. A Georgetown University graduate with a Masters degree in economics, he has a vision of making the tools of econometrics and statistics easily accessible to professionals and graduate students. At the Georgetown Public Policy Institute he received rave reviews for making statistics and SPSS so easy and "non-mathematical." He has also tau