Sensors and Signal Conditioning (Cảm biến và Điều hòa tín hiệu) - Ramon Pallas-Areny, John G. Webster
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SENSORS AND SIGNAL CONDITIONING Second Edition Á S-ARENY RAMON PALLA Universitat PoliteÁcnica de Catalunya JOHN G. WEBSTER University of WisconsinÐMadison A Wiley-Interscience Publication JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. New York . Chichester . Weinheim . Brisbane . Singapore . Toronto y This book is printed on acid-free paper.z Copyright ( 2001 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (508) 750-8400, fax (508) 750-4744. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-6008, E-Mail: PERMREQ@WILEY.COM. For ordering and customer service, call 1-800-CALL-WILEY. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: PallaÁs-Areny, Ramon. Sensors and signal conditioning /Ramon PallaÁs-Areny, John G. Webster.Ð2nd ed. p. cm. ``A Wiley-Interscience publication.'' Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-471-33232-1 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Transducers. 2. Detectors. 3. Interface circuits. I. Webster, John G., 1932± II. Title. TK7872.T6 P25 2000 621.3815Ðdc21 00-028293 Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS Preface xi 1 1 Introduction to Sensor-Based Measurement Systems 1.1 General Concepts and Terminology, 1 1.1.1 Measurement systems, 1 1.1.2 Transducers, sensors and actuators, 2 1.1.3 Signal conditioning and display, 4 1.1.4 Interfaces, data domains, and conversion, 4 1.2 Sensor Classi®cation,
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- 문서명
- Sensors and Signal Conditioning (Cảm biến và Điều hòa tín hiệu) - Ramon Pallas-Areny, John G. Webster
- 학교 / 강의
- Đại học Bách khoa Hà Nội · Cảm biến và xử lý tín hiệu
- 내용
- Tài liệu này giới thiệu về hệ thống đo lường sử dụng cảm biến, phân loại và đặc tính của chúng, cùng với các công nghệ chế tạo. Sách tập trung vào các cảm biến điện trở và kỹ thuật xử lý tín hiệu tương ứng.
- 목차
- 1.1 General Concepts and Terminology,
- 1.1.1 Measurement systems,
- 1.1.2 Transducers, sensors and actuators,
- 1.1.3 Signal conditioning and display,
- 1.1.4 Interfaces, data domains, and conversion,
- 1.2 Sensor Classi®cation,
- 1.3 General Input±Output Con®guration,
- 1.3.1 Interfering and modifying inputs,
- 1.3.2 Compensation techniques,
- 1.4 Static Characteristics of Measurement Systems,
- 1.4.1 Accuracy, precision, and sensitivity,
- 1.4.2 Other characteristics: Linearity and resolution,
- 1.4.3 Systematic errors,
- 1.4.4 Random errors,
- 1.5 Dynamic Characteristics,
- 1.5.1 Zero-order measurement systems,
- 1.5.2 First-order measurement systems,
- 1.5.3 Second-order measurement systems,
- 1.6 Other Sensor Characteristics,
- 1.6.1 Input characteristics: Impedance,
- 1.6.2 Reliability,
- 1.7 Primary Sensors,
- 1.7.1 Temperature sensors: Bimetals,
- 1.7.2 Pressure sensors,
- 1.7.3 Flow velocity and ¯ow-rate sensors,
- 1.7.4 Level sensors,
- 1.7.5 Force and torque sensors,
- 1.7.6 Acceleration and inclination sensors,
- 1.7.7 Velocity sensors,
- 1.8 Materials for Sensors,
- 1.8.1 Conductors, semiconductors, and dielectrics,
- 1.8.2 Magnetic materials,
- 1.9 Microsensor Technology,
- 1.9.1 Thick-®lm technology,
- 1.9.2 Thin-®lm technology,
- 1.9.3 Micromachining technologies,
- 1.10 Problems,
- References,
- 2.1 Potentiometers,
- 2.2 Strain Gages,
- 2.2.1 Fundamentals: Piezoresistive e¨ect,
- 2.2.2 Types and applications,
- 2.3 Resistive Temperature Detectors (RTDs),
- 2.4 Thermistors,
- 2.4.1 Models,
- 2.4.2 Thermistors types and applications,
- 2.4.3 Linearization,
- 2.5 Magnetoresistors,
- 2.6 Light-Dependent Resistors (LDRs),
- 2.7 Resistive Hygrometers,
- 2.8 Resistive Gas Sensors,
- 2.9 Liquid Conductivity Sensors,
- 2.10 Problems,
- References,
- 3.1 Measurement of Resistance,
- 3.2 Voltage Dividers,
- 3.2.1 Potentiometers,
- 3.2.2 Application to thermistors,
- 3.2.3 Dynamic measurements,
- 3.2.4 Ampli®ers for voltage dividers,
- 3.3 Wheatstone Bridge: Balance Measurements,
- 3.4 Wheatstone Bridge: De¯ection Measurements,
- 3.4.1 Sensitivity and linearity,
- 3.4.2 Analog linearization of resistive sensor bridges,
- 3.4.3 Sensor bridge calibration and balance,
- 3.4.4 Di¨erence and average measurements and compensation,
- 3.4.5 Power supply of Wheatstone bridges,
- 3.4.6 Detection methods for Wheatstone bridges,
- 3.5 Di¨erential and Instrumentation Ampli®ers,
- 3.5.1 Di¨erential ampli®ers,
- 3.5.2 Instrumentation ampli®er based on two op amps,
- 3.5.3 Instrumentation ampli®ers based on three op amps,
- 3.6 Interference,
- 3.6.1 Interference types and reduction,
- 3.6.2 Signal circuit grounding,
- 3.6.3 Shield grounding,
- 3.6.4 Isolation ampli®ers,
- 3.7 Problems,
- References,
- 4.1 Capacitive Sensors,
- 4.1.1 Variable capacitor,
- 4.1.2 Di¨erential capacitor,
- 4.2 Inductive Sensors,
- 4.2.1 Variable reluctance sensors,
- 4.2.2 Eddy current sensors,
- 4.2.3 Linear variable di¨erential transformers (LVDTs),
- 4.2.4 Variable transformers: Synchros, resolvers, and Inductosyn,
- 4.2.5 Magnetoelastic and magnetostrictive sensors,
- 4.2.6 Wiegand and pulse-wire sensors,
- 4.2.7 Saturation-core (¯ux-gate) sensors,
- 4.2.8 Superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs),
- 4.3 Electromagnetic Sensors,
- 4.3.1 Sensors based on Faraday's law,
- 4.3.2 Hall e¨ect sensors,
- 4.4 Problems,
- References,
- 5.1 Problems and Alternatives,
- 5.2 ac Bridges,
- 5.2.1 Sensitivity and linearity,
- 5.2.2 Capacitive bridge analog linearization,
- 5.2.3 ac ampli®ers and power supply decoupling,
- 5.2.4 Electrostatic shields and driven shields,
- 5.2.5 ac/dc signal converters,
- 5.3 Carrier Ampli®ers and Coherent Detection,
- 5.3.1 Fundamentals and structure of carrier ampli®ers,
- 5.3.2 Phase-sensitive detectors,
- 5.3.3 Application to LVDTs,
- 5.4 Speci®c Signal Conditioners for Capacitive Sensors,
- 5.5 Resolver-to-Digital and Digital-to-Resolver Converters,
- 5.5.1 Synchro-to-resolver converters,
- 5.5.2 Digital-to-resolver converters,
- 5.5.3 Resolver-to-digital converters,
- 5.6 Problems,
- References,
- 6.1 Thermoelectric Sensors: Thermocouples,
- 6.1.1 Reversible thermoelectric e¨ects,
- 6.1.2 Common thermocouples,
- 6.1.3 Practical thermocouple laws,
- 6.1.4 Cold junction compensation in thermocouple circuits,
- 6.2 Piezoelectric Sensors,
- 6.2.1 The piezoelectric e¨ect,
- 6.2.2 Piezoelectric materials,
- 6.2.3 Applications,
- 6.3 Pyroelectric Sensors,
- 6.3.1 The pyroelectric e¨ect,
- 6.3.2 Pyroelectric materials,
- 6.3.3 Radiation laws: Planck, Wien, and Stefan± Boltzmann,
- 6.3.4 Applications,
- 6.4 Photovoltaic Sensors,
- 6.4.1 The photovoltaic e¨ect,
- 6.4.2 Materials and applications,
- 6.5 Electrochemical Sensors,
- 6.6 Problems,
- References,
- 7.1 Chopper and Low-Drift Ampli®ers,
- 7.1.1 O¨set and drifts in op amps,
- 7.1.2 Chopper ampli®ers,
- 7.1.3 Autozero ampli®ers,
- 7.1.4 Composite ampli®ers,
- 7.1.5 O¨set and drifts in instrumentation ampli®ers,
- 7.2 Electrometer and Transimpedance Ampli®ers,
- 7.2.1 Transimpedance ampli®ers,
- 7.2.2 Current measurement by integration,
- 7.2.3 Cautions in designing electrometer circuits,
- 7.3 Charge Ampli®ers,
- 7.4 Noise in Ampli®ers,
- 7.4.1 Noise fundamentals,
- 7.4.2 Noise in op amps,
- 7.4.3 Noise in transimpedance ampli®ers,
- 7.4.4 Noise in charge ampli®ers,
- 7.4.5 Noise in instrumentation ampli®ers,
- 7.5 Noise and Drift in Resistors,
- 7.5.1 Drift in ®xed resistors,
- 7.5.2 Drift in adjustable resistors (potentiometers),
- 7.5.3 Noise in resistors,
- 7.6 Problems,
- References,
- 8.1 Position Encoders,
- 8.1.1 Incremental position encoders,
- 8.1.2 Absolute position encoders,
- 8.2 Resonant Sensors,
- 8.2.1 Sensors based on quartz resonators,
- 8.2.2 SAW sensors,
- 8.2.3 Vibrating wire strain gages,
- 8.2.4 Vibrating cylinder sensors,
- 8.2.5 Digital ¯owmeters,
- 8.3 Variable Oscillators,
- 8.3.1 Sinusoidal oscillators,
- 8.3.2 Relaxation oscillators,
- 8.3.3 Variable CMOS oscillators,
- 8.3.4 Linearity in variable oscillators,
- 8.4 Conversion to Frequency, Period, or Time Duration,
- 8.4.1 Voltage-to-frequency conversion,
- 8.4.2 Direct quantity-to-frequency conversion,
- 8.4.3 Direct quantity-to-time duration conversion,
- 8.5 Direct Sensor±Microcontroller Interfacing,
- 8.5.1 Frequency measurement,
- 8.5.2 Period and time-interval measurement,
- 8.5.3 Calculations and compensations,
- 8.5.4 Velocity measurement. Digital tachometers,
- 8.6 Communication Systems for Sensors,
- 8.6.1 Current telemetry: 4 to 20 mA loop,
- 8.6.2 Simultaneous analog and digital communication,
- 8.6.3 Sensor buses: Fieldbus,
- 8.7 Intelligent Sensors,
- 8.8 Problems,
- References,
- 9.1 Sensors Based on Semiconductor Junctions,
- 9.1.1 Thermometers based on semiconductor junctions,
- 9.1.2 Magnetodiodes and magnetotransistors,
- 9.1.3 Photodiodes,
- 9.1.4 Position-sensitive detectors (PSDs),
- 9.1.5 Phototransistors,
- 9.1.6 Semiconductor-junction nuclear radiation detectors,
- 9.2 Sensors Based on MOSFET Transistors,
- 9.3 Charge-Coupled and CMOS Image Sensors,
- 9.3.1 Fundamentals,
- 9.3.2 Types of CCD and CMOS imaging sensors and applications,
- 9.4 Fiber-Optic Sensors,
- 9.4.1 Fiber-optic basics,
- 9.4.2 Fiber-optic sensor technologies and applications,
- 9.5 Ultrasonic-Based Sensors,
- 9.5.1 Fundamentals of ultrasonic-based sensors,
- 9.5.2 Ultrasonic-based sensing methods and applications,
- 9.6 Biosensors,
- 9.7 Problems,
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