Learn to program with Python 3

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문서명: Learn to program with Python 3
내용: Learn to Program with Python 3 A Step-by-Step Guide to Programming — Second Edition — Irv Kalb Learn to Program with Python 3 A Step-by-Step Guide to Programming Second Edition Irv Kalb Learn to Program with Python 3 Irv Kalb Mountain View, California, USA ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4842-3878-3 ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4842-3879-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018954633 Copyright © 2018 by…
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Learn to Program with Python 3 Irv Kalb Mountain View, California, USA ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4842-3878-3 ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4842-3879-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-3879-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018954633 Copyright © 2018 by Irv Kalb This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Trademarked names, logos, and images may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, logo, or image we use the names, logos, and images only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Managing Director, Apress Media LLC: Welmoed Spahr Acquisitions Editor: Todd Green Development Editor: James Markham Coordinating Editor: Jill Balzano Cover designed by eStudioCalamar Cover image designed by Freepik (www.freepik.com) Distributed to the book trade worldwide by Springer Science+Business Media New York, 233 Spring Street, 6th Floor, New York, NY 10013. Phone 1-800-SPRINGER, fax (201) 348-4505, e-mail orders-ny@springer- sbm.com, or visit www.springeronline.com. Apress Media, LLC is a California LLC and the sole member (owner) is Springer Science + Business Media Finance Inc (SSBM Finance Inc). SSBM Finance Inc is a Delaware corporation. For information on translations, please e-mail rights@apress.com, or visit www.apress.com/ rights-permissions. Apress titles may be purchased in bulk for academic, corporate, or promotional use. eBook versions and licenses are also available for most titles. For more information, reference our Print and eBook Bulk Sales web page at www.apress.com/bulk-sales. Any source code or other supplementary material referenced by the author in this book is available to readers on GitHub via the book's product page, located at www.apress.com/9781484238783. For more detailed information, please visit www.apress.com/source-code. Printed on acid-free paper

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This book is dedicated to the memory of my mother, Lorraine Kalb. I started learning about programming when I was 16 years old, at Columbia High School in Maplewood, New Jersey. We were extremely fortunate to have a very early computer, an IBM 1130, that students could use. I remember learning the basics of the Fortran programming language and writing a simple program that would add two numbers together and print the result. I was thrilled when I finally got my program to work correctly. It was a rewarding feeling to be able to get this huge, complicated machine to do exactly what I wanted it to do. I clearly remember explaining to my mother that I wrote this program that got the computer to add 9 and 5 and come up with an answer of 14. She said that she didn’t need a computer to do that. I tried to explain to her that getting the answer of 14 was not the important part. What was important was that I had written a program that would add any two numbers and print the result. She still didn’t get it, but she was happy for me and very supportive. Hopefully, through my explanations in this book, you will get it.

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Table of Contents About the Author �� xiii About the Technical Reviewer ��xv Acknowledgments��xvii Chapter 1: Getting Started�� 1 What Is Python?�� 2 Installing Python �� 2 IDLE and the Python Shell�� 3 Hello World�� 4 Creating, Saving, and Running a Python File�� 6 IDLE on Multiple Platforms�� 8 Summary�� 9 Chapter 2: Variables and Assignment Statements �� 11 A Sample Python Program�� 12 The Building Blocks of Programming�� 14 Four Types of Data �� 15 Integers �� 15 Floats�� 15 Strings�� 16 Booleans�� 16 Examples of Data�� 17 Form with Underlying Data�� 18 Variables�� 19 Assignment Statements�� 24 v

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Table of ConTenTs Variable Names�� 27 Naming Convention�� 28 Keywords�� 29 Case Sensitivity�� 31 More Complicated Assignment Statements �� 32 Print Statements�� 33 Simple Math�� 35 Order of Operations�� 38 First Python Programs �� 39 Shorthand Naming Convention�� 41 Adding Comments�� 43 Full-Line Comment�� 43 Add a Comment After a Line of Code�� 44 Multiline Comment �� 44 Whitespace �� 45 Errors �� 46 Syntax Error�� 46 Exception Error�� 48 Logic Error�� 49 Summary�� 49 Chapter 3: Built-in Functions�� 51 Overview of Built-in Functions�� 51 Function Call�� 52 Arguments�� 52 Results�� 53 Built-in type Function�� 53 Getting Input from the User�� 55 Conversion Functions�� 56 int Function�� 57 float Function�� 57 str Function �� 57 vi

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Table of ConTenTs First Real Programs �� 58 Concatenation�� 61 Another Programming Exercise �� 62 Using Function Calls Inside Assignment Statements�� 63 Summary�� 65 Chapter 4: User-Defined Functions�� 67 A Recipe as an Analogy for Building Software�� 68 Ingredients �� 68 Directions �� 68 Definition of a Function�� 71 Building Our First Function �� 72 Calling a User-Defined Function�� 73 Receiving Data in a User-Defined Function: Parameters �� 76 Building User-Defined Functions with Parameters�� 78 Building a Simple Function That Does Addition �� 81 Building a Function to Calculate an Average�� 81 Returning a Value from a Function: The return Statement�� 82 Returning No Value: None �� 84 Returning More Than One Value�� 85 Specific and General Variable Names in Calls and Functions�� 86 Temperature Conversion Functions �� 88 Placement of Functions in a Python File�� 89 Never Write Multiple Copies of the Same Code �� 90 Constants�� 91 Scope�� 93 Global Variables and Local Variables with the Same Names �� 97 Finding Errors in Functions: Traceback�� 98 Summary�� 101 vii

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Table of ConTenTs Chapter 5: if, else, and elif Statements�� 103 Flowcharting�� 104 The if Statement �� 107 Comparison Operators�� 109 Examples of if Statements�� 109 Nested if Statement�� 111 The else Statement�� 111 Using if/else Inside a Function�� 114 The elif Statement�� 115 Using Many elif Statements�� 118 A Grading Program�� 120 A Small Sample Program: Absolute Value�� 120 Programming Challenges�� 123 Negative, Positive, Zero �� 123 isSquare �� 125 isEven�� 128 isRectangle�� 130 Conditional Logic �� 132 The Logical not Operator�� 132 The Logical and Operator�� 133 The Logical or Operator�� 135 Precedence of Comparison and Logical Operators�� 136 Booleans in if Statements�� 136 Program to Calculate Shipping �� 137 Summary�� 141 Chapter 6: Loops�� 143 User’s View of the Game�� 144 Loops �� 145 The while Statement�� 147 First Loop in a Real Program�� 150 viii

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Table of ConTenTs Increment and Decrement �� 151 Running a Program Multiple Times�� 152 Python’s Built-in Packages �� 154 Generating a Random Number�� 155 Simulation of Flipping a Coin�� 157 Other Examples of Using Random Numbers�� 158 Creating an Infinite Loop�� 160 A New Style of Building a Loop: while True, and break�� 160 Asking If the User Wants to Repeat: the Empty String�� 163 Pseudocode�� 164 Building the Guess the Number Program�� 164 Playing a Game Multiple Times�� 171 Error Detection with try/except�� 173 The continue Statement�� 175 Full Game�� 176 Building Error-Checking Utility Functions �� 178 Coding Challenge�� 179 Summary�� 181 Chapter 7: Lists�� 183 Collections of Data�� 184 Lists �� 185 Elements�� 185 Python Syntax for a List�� 186 Empty List�� 187 Position of an Element in a List: Index�� 187 Accessing an Element in a List�� 189 Using a Variable or Expression as an Index in a List�� 190 Changing a Value in a List�� 192 Using Negative Indices�� 192 Building a Simple Mad Libs Game�� 193 ix

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Table of ConTenTs Adding a List to Our Mad Libs Game�� 195 Determining the Number of Elements in a List: The len Function�� 196 Programming Challenge 1 �� 198 Using a List Argument with a Function�� 200 Accessing All Elements of a List: Iteration�� 203 for Statements and for Loops �� 204 Programming Challenge 2 �� 206 Generating a Range of Numbers�� 207 Programming Challenge 3 �� 208 Scientific Simulations�� 209 List Manipulation �� 214 List Manipulation Example: an Inventory Example�� 216 Pizza Toppings Example�� 217 Summary�� 223 Chapter 8: Strings�� 225 len Function Applied to Strings�� 226 Indexing Characters in a String�� 226 Accessing Characters in a String�� 227 Iterating Through Characters in a String�� 228 Creating a Substring: A Slice�� 230 Programming Challenge 1: Creating a Slice �� 232 Additional Slicing Syntax �� 235 Slicing as Applied to a List�� 236 Strings Are Not Changeable�� 236 Programming Challenge 2: Searching a String�� 237 Built-in String Operations �� 238 Examples of String Operations�� 240 Programming Challenge 3: Directory Style�� 241 Summary�� 243 x

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Table of ConTenTs Chapter 9: File Input/Output�� 245 Saving Files on a Computer�� 246 Defining a Path to a File�� 247 Reading from and Writing to a File �� 249 File Handle�� 250 The Python os Package�� 251 Building Reusable File I/O Functions �� 252 Example Using Our File I/O Functions�� 254 Importing Our Own Modules�� 255 Saving Data to a File and Reading It Back�� 257 Building an Adding Game�� 260 Programming Challenge 1 �� 260 Programming Challenge 2 �� 261 Writing/Reading One Piece of Data to and from a File�� 263 Writing/Reading Multiple Pieces of Data to and from a File �� 266 The join Function �� 266 The split Function �� 267 Final Version of the Adding Game�� 268 Writing and Reading a Line at a Time with a File�� 271 Example: Multiple Choice Test �� 275 A Compiled Version of a Module �� 281 Summary�� 282 Chapter 10: Internet Data�� 283 Request/Response Model �� 283 Getting a Stock Price �� 285 Pretending to Be a Browser�� 286 API�� 288 Requests with Values�� 288 API Key�� 289 Example Program to Get Stock Price Information Using an API�� 291 xi

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Table of ConTenTs Example Program to Get Weather Information�� 294 URL Encoding�� 297 Summary�� 299 Chapter 11: Data Structures�� 301 Tuples�� 302 Lists of Lists�� 305 Representing a Grid or a Spreadsheet�� 306 Representing the World of an Adventure Game �� 307 Reading a Comma-Separated Value (�csv) File�� 311 Dictionary�� 316 Using the in Operator on a Dictionary�� 319 Programming Challenge �� 320 A Python Dictionary to Represent a Programming Dictionary �� 322 Iterating Through a Dictionary �� 323 Combining Lists and Dictionaries �� 325 JSON: JavaScript Object Notation�� 328 Example Program to Get Weather Data�� 331 XML Data�� 334 Accessing Repeating Groupings in JSON and XML�� 338 Summary�� 341 Chapter 12: Where to Go from Here�� 343 Python Language Documentation�� 343 Python Standard Library �� 344 Python External Packages�� 345 Python Development Environments�� 346 Places to Find Answers to Questions�� 347 Projects and Practice, Practice, Practice�� 347 Summary�� 348 Index�� 349 xii

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About the Author Irv Kalb is an adjunct professor at UCSC (University of California, Santa Cruz) Extension Silicon Valley and Cogswell Polytechnical College. He has been teaching software development classes since 2010. Irv has worked as a software developer, manager of software developers, and manager of software development projects. He has been an independent consultant for many years with his own company, Furry Pants Productions, where he has concentrated on educational software. Prior to that, he worked as an employee for a number of high-tech companies. He has BS and MS degrees in computer science. Recently, he has been a mentor to a number of local competitive robotics teams. His previous publications include numerous technical articles, two children’s edutainment CD-ROMs (about Darby the Dalmatian), an online e-book on object-oriented programming in the Lingo programming language, and the first book on Ultimate Frisbee, Ultimate: Fundamentals of the Sport(Revolutionary Publications, 1983). He was highly involved in the early development of the sport of Ultimate Frisbee. xiii

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About the Technical Reviewer Mark Furman, MBA is a systems engineer, author, teacher, and entrepreneur. For the last 16 years he has worked in the information technology field with a focus on Linux- based systems and programming in Python. He’s worked for a range of companies including Host Gator, Interland, Suntrust Bank, AT&T, and Winn-Dixie. Currently he has been focusing his career on the maker movement and has launched Tech Forge (techforge.org), which focuses on helping people start a makerspace and help sustain current spaces. He holds an MBA degree from Ohio University. You can follow him on Twitter @mfurman. xv

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Acknowledgments I would like to thank the following people, without whom this book would not have been possible: My wonderful wife, Doreen, who is the glue that keeps our family together. Our two sons, Jamie and Robbie, who keep us on our toes. Our two cats, Chester and Cody (whom we think of as people). Mariah Armstrong, who created all the graphics in this book. I am not an artist (I don’t even play one on TV). Mariah was able to take my “chicken scratches” and turn them into very clear and understandable pieces of art. Chris Sasso and Ravi Chityala for their technical reviews and helpful suggestions. Luke Kwan, Catherine Chanse, and Christina Ri at the Art Institute of California- Silicon Valley. Andy Hou at the UCSC-Silicon Valley Extension. Jerome Solomon at Cogswell Polytechnical College, who first suggested that I consider getting into Python. Jill Balzano, Jim Markham, Mark Furman, and Todd Green at Apress for all the work they did reviewing, editing, and expertly answering all my questions. All the students who have been in my classes over many years at the Art Institute California-Silicon Valley, Cogswell Polytechnical College, and the UCSC Silicon Valley Extension. Their feedback, suggestions, smiles, frowns, light-bulb moments, frustrations, and knowing head-nods were extremely helpful in shaping the content of this book. Finally, Guido van Rossum, without whom Python would not exist. xvii

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CHAPTER 1 Getting Started Congratulations! You have made a wise decision. No, not the decision to buy this book, although I think that will turn out to be a wise decision also. I mean you have made a wise decision to learn the basics of computer programming using the Python language. In this book, I teach you the fundamentals of writing computer software. I assume that you have never written any software before, so I start completely from scratch. The only requirements are that you possess a basic knowledge of algebra and a good sense of logic. As the book progresses, each chapter builds upon the information learned in the previous chapter(s). The overall goal is to give you a solid introduction to the way that computer code and data interact to form well-written programs. I introduce the key elements of software, including variables, functions, if/else statements, loops, lists, and strings. I offer many real-world examples that should help explain the uses of each of these elements. I also give definitions to help you with the new vocabulary that I introduce. This book is not intended to be comprehensive. Rather, it is an introduction that gives you a solid foundation in programming. The approach is highly interactive, asking you to create small programs along the way as a chance to practice what has been explained in each chapter. By the end of the book, you should be comfortable writing small to medium-sized programs in Python. This first chapter covers the following topics: • Introducing Python • Getting Python installed on your computer • Using IDLE and the Python Shell • Writing your first program: Hello World • Creating, saving, and running Python files • Working with IDLE on multiple platforms 1 © Irv Kalb 2018 I. Kalb, Learn to Program with Python 3, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-3879-0_1

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Chapter 1 GettinG Started What Is Python? Python is a general-purpose programming language. That means it was designed and developed to write software for a wide variety of disciplines. Python has been used to write applications to solve problems in biology, chemistry, financial analysis, numerical analysis, robotics, and many other fields. It is also widely used as a scripting language for use by computer administrators, who use it to capture and replay sequences of computer commands. It is different from a language like HTML (HyperText Markup Language), which was designed for the single purpose of allowing people to specify the layout of a web page. Once you learn the basic concepts of a programming language like Python, you find that you can pick up a new computer languages very quickly. No matter what the language (and there are many) the underlying concepts are very similar. The key things that you learn about—variables, assignment statements, if statements, while loops, function calls—are all concepts that are easily transferable to any other programming language. Installing Python Python was created in the 1990s by Guido van Rossum. He is affectionately known as Python’s Benevolent Dictator for Life. The language has two current versions: 2.7 and 3.6. Version 2.7 is still widely used, but its “end of life” has recently been announced. Therefore, this version of the book will use the newer Python 3, as it is known. With respect to the contents of this book, there are only a few differences between the versions of the language. Where appropriate, I point out how something presented in Python 3 was handled in Python 2. Python is maintained as an open source project by a group called the Python Software Foundation. Because it is open source, Python is free. There is no single company that owns and/or sells the software. You can get everything you need to write and run all the Python programs in this book by simply downloading Python from the Internet. I’ll explain how you can get it and install it. The center of the Python universe is at www.python.org. Bring up the browser of your choice and go to that address. The site changes over time, but the essential functionality should remain the same. On the main page, there should be a Downloads button or rollover. Once you’re in the Downloads area, you 2

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Chapter 1 GettinG Started should be able to select Windows, Mac, or Other Platforms (which includes Linux). After choosing your operating system, you should get an opportunity to choose between versions 3.x.y (whatever is the current subversion of Python 3) and version 2.x.y (whatever is the current subversion of Python 2). Choose version 3.x.y. Clicking the button downloads an installer file. On a Mac, the downloaded file has a name like python-3.6.4-macosx10.6pkg. On a Windows computer, the file has a name like python-3.6.4-msi. On either platform, find the file that was downloaded and double-click it. That should start the installation process, which should be very simple. IDLE and the Python Shell There are many different software development environments (applications) that you can use to write code in Python. It may seem odd that you use a program to write a program, but that’s what a software development environment is. Some of these environments are free; others can be costly. They differ in the tools they offer to help programmers be more efficient. The environment we will use in this book is called IDLE. You might think that IDLE is an acronym, maybe Interactive DeveLopment Environment. When the name was chosen, it didn’t mean anything. In fact, the name Python doesn’t refer to the snake. Apparently, Guido van Rossum was a big fan of Monty Python’s Flying Circus, a TV series by a well-known comedy group from Britain, and he named the language after them. One of the founding members of Monty Python was Eric Idle. The name IDLE is a reference to him. IDLE is free. When you download and run the Python installer, it installs IDLE on your computer. Once installed, you can find IDLE on a Mac by opening the applications folder and locating the folder named Python 3.x. Once you open it, you should see the IDLE application. To open IDLE, double-click the icon. On Windows, IDLE is installed in the standard Program Files folder. If your version of Windows has a Start button, click the Start button and type IDLE in the type-in field. Otherwise, you might have to do a Control+R or Control+Q to bring up a dialog box where you can type IDLE. However you open IDLE, you should see a window with contents that look something like this: Python 3.6.1 (v3.6.1:69c0db5050, Mar 21 2017, 01:21:04) [GCC 4.2.1 (Apple Inc. build 5666) (dot 3)] on darwin Type "copyright", "credits" or "license()" for more information. >>> 3

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Chapter 1 GettinG Started This window is called the Python Shell. In fact, the title of the window should be Python 3.x.y Shell. Hello World There is a tradition that when programmers learn a new computer language, they try writing what is called the Hello World program. That is, just to make sure they can get something to work, they write a simple program that writes out “Hello World!” Let’s do that now with Python. The Python Shell (commonly just called the Shell) gives you a prompt that looks like three greater-than signs. This is called the chevron prompt or simply the prompt. When you see the prompt, it means the Shell is ready for you to type something. Throughout this book, I strongly encourage you to use the IDLE environment by trying out code as I explain it. At the prompt, enter the following: >>> print('Hello World!') Then press the Return key or Enter key. When you do, you should see this: >>> print('Hello World!') Hello World! >>> Congratulations! You have just written your first computer program. You told the computer to do something, and it did exactly what you told it to do. My work is done here. You’re not quite ready to add Python programmer to your résumé and get a job as a professional computer programmer, but you are off to a good start! Note if you don’t like the font and/or size of the text used in the Shell, you can choose idLe ➤ preferences (Mac) or Configure idLe (Windows) and easily change either or both. One of the key advantages of the Python language is how readable it is. The program you just wrote is simply the word print, an open parenthesis, whatever you want to be printed (inside quotes), and a closing parenthesis. Anyone can understand the Hello World program written in Python. But to make this point very clear, let’s see what you have to do to write the Hello World program in some other popular languages. 4

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Chapter 1 GettinG Started You’ve probably heard of the language called C, perhaps the most widely used programming language in the world. Here is what you have to write in C to get the same results: #include <stdio.h> int main(void) { printf("Hello World!\n"); return 0; } Notice all the brackets, parentheses, braces, and semicolons you need to have, along with how many lines you have to write? There is another language called C++, which is a modification of the original C language to give it more power. Here’s what the Hello World program looks like in C++: #include "std_lib_facilities.h" int main() { cout << "Hello World!\n"; return 0; } Not surprisingly, it also has many brackets, parentheses, braces, and semicolons. Finally, here is the same Hello World program written in Java, yet another popular computer language: public class HelloWorld { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Hello World!"); } } Again, there are many brackets, parentheses, and semicolons, and many words with meanings that are not immediately obvious. By comparison, notice how English-like, simple, and readable the Python version is. This readability and simplicity are big reasons why Python is growing in popularity, especially as a language used to teach programming to beginners. 5

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Learn to Program with Python 3 A Step-by-Step Guide to Programming — Second Edition — Irv Kalb Learn to Program with Python 3 A Step-by-Step Guide to Programming Second Edition Irv Kalb Learn to Program with Python 3 ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4842-3878-3 ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4842-3879-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-3879-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018954633 Copyright © 2018 by Irv Kalb This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Trademarked names, logos, and images may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, logo, or image we use the names, logos, and images only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Managing Director, Apress Media LLC: Welmoed Spahr Acquisitions Editor: Todd Green Development Editor: James Markham Coordinating Editor: Jill Balzano Cover designed by eStudioCalamar Cover image designed by Freepik (www.freepik.com) Distributed to the book trade worldwide by Springer Science+Business Media New York, 233 Spring Street, 6th Floor, New York, NY 10013. Phone 1-800-SPRINGER, fax (201) 348-4505, e-mail orders-ny@springersbm.com, or visit www.springeronline.com. Apress Media, LLC is a California LLC and the sole member (owner) is Springer Science + Business Media Finance Inc (SSBM Finance Inc). SSBM Finance Inc is a Delaware corporation. For information on translations, please e-mail rights@apress.com, or visit www.apress.com/ rights-permissions. Apress titles may be purchased in bulk for academic, corporate, or promotional use. eBook versions and licenses are also available for most titles. For more information, reference our Print and eBook Bulk Sales web page at www.apress.com/bulk-sales. Any source code or other supplementary material referenced by the author in this book is available to readers on GitHub via the book's product page, located at www.apress.com/9781484238783. For more detailed information, please visit www.apress.com/source-code. Printed on acid-free paper Irv Kalb Mountain View, California, USA

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