GenreGenre Comprehension SkillComprehension Skill Text FeaturesText Features Science ContentScience Content Nonfi ctionNonfi ction Make InferencesMake Inferences • Captions• Captions WeatherWeather • Diagram• Diagram • Labels• Labels • Glossary• Glossary Scott Foresman Science 3.6Scott Foresman Science 3.6 ì<(sk$m)=bdiceb<ì<(sk$m)=bdiceb<ISBNISBN 0-328-13824-X0-328-13824-X +^-Ä-U-Ä-+^-Ä-U-Ä-
Vocabulary What did you learn? atmosphere blizzard 1. What are two qualities of air that hurricane help people describe the weather? tornado weather 2. What does a barometer measure? 3. How do satellites help us predict the weather? 4. You have now read about why it snows so muchby Lisa Oram in New York State. Using words from the book, write to explain why New York State gets so much snow. 5. Make Inferences If there is Picture Credits a lot of traffic on a warm day in Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions. a large city, what kind of warning Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R), Background (Bkgd). Opener: Digital Vision; 3 (TR) Getty Images; 5 Jim Reed/Corbis; 6 Getty Images; 7 Getty Images; do you think it would be likely for 9 (TL) Getty Images, (BR) Digital Vision; 10 Getty Images; 11 Getty Images; 12 Corbis; 13 Getty Images; a weather reporter to give? 14 (BL, BR) Getty Images; 15 (BL) Digital Vision, (BR) Brand X Pictures. Scott Foresman/Dorling Kindersley would also like to thank: 4 (BR) Stephen Oliver/DK Images. Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the copyright © of Dorling Kindersley, a division of Pearson. ISBN: 0-328-13824-X Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V010 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05
All About Weather The Atmosphere Water vapor in the Some people love rainy days. Other people atmosphere helps cause prefer hot, sunny days. When we talk about weather. The atmosphere rain, sun, and temperature, we are talking about is made of air that weather. The weather affects us every day. surrounds the Earth. If you don’t like the weather one day, just This air is made of gases. Scattered clouds wait. Weather always changes. Different parts To understand the of each country usually have different kinds weather, we study the of weather. Everywhere you go in the world, air in the atmosphere. the weather is different. Information about the air’s moisture, speed, and temperature can tell us about the weather. The atmosphere presses down with a force called Thin clouds air pressure. When the air pressure changes, the weather often changes too. Low air pressure often means the weather will be cloudy or rainy. High air pressure often makes dry, clear weather. Thunder clouds 2 3
Studying the Weather Hygrometers, barometers, anemometers, Scientists study the weather by using special and rain gauges are all important instruments. instruments. Barometers measure air pressure. They provide information that is used to predict Anemometers measure wind speed. Hygrometers and record the weather. measure water vapor in the air. These instruments Satellites tell what is happening with the weather. help predict weather changes. Satellites orbiting in space take pictures of the air Warm, wet air has humidity. This can as it moves over the Earth. Those pictures are sent often make the weather rainy. Scientists use back to Earth. The pictures are used to make a hygrometer to measure humidity. They can also weather maps. Weather maps show what kind of use a rain gauge while it’s raining to figure out air is moving over the oceans and land. They tell the amount of rainfall. us what kind of weather we’ll get! Barometer Scientists study weather maps, which use information from satellites. Anemometer 4 5
Pollution and the Weather Factories, cars, and trucks create smog. Satellite pictures also help The smog pollutes the air over towns and cities. scientists track the pollution. Too much smog makes it hard for people to Pollution can harm the Earth breathe outdoors. When smog levels become and change our weather. harmful, weather reporters might issue a Factories, cars, and smog alert. airplanes cause pollution. You can help to reduce air pollution by They produce harmful cutting down on car trips. You could also get gases. The gases get trapped rides in the cars of your friends. Using public in Earth’s atmosphere. transportation also reduces air pollution. These gases can get heated by the Sun. This changes the gases into smog and ozone. These are forms of air pollution. Smoke from factory chimneys harms the atmosphere. Cars produce gases that pollute our towns and cities. 6 7
Patterns of Weather Water evaporates from the Weather patterns are caused by many things. Great Lakes and is carried The Sun, oceans, and mountains all affect weather eastward by the wind. patterns. Some places get the same weather patterns again and again. One very typical weather pattern involves snowfall in New York State. Let’s take a look at how it works. CANADA water During the winter, New York State can get vapo Lake Superior r tra very cold. The air can’t carry much moisture vels eas tw when it is cold. So why does it snow so much in ard New York State? New York is bordered by two Lake Huron of the Great Lakes, Lake Ontario and Lake Erie. Lake Lake Ontario The other Great Lakes are Lakes Huron, Michigan, Michigan NEW YORK STATE and Superior. Lots of water evaporates from the Lake Erie Great Lakes, even in winter. Air moving in from New York the west absorbs the evaporated water. The air City absorbs so much water that it can’t hold it all. UNITED STATES By the time the air is ready to release the water, ATLANTIC OCEAN it has moved east, over New York State. So the air releases the water, which falls as snow during the winter. That’s why it snows so much in the In winter, water from the areas of New York State that are closest to the Great Lakes falls as snow over much of western and Great Lakes. central New York State. 8 9
Stormy Weather Hurricanes, tornadoes, thunderstorms, and blizzards are dangerous storms. Hurricanes Tornadoes A hurricane is a big storm. It forms over the A tornado is also warmest parts of oceans. Heat from the warm water a dangerous storm. It is helps cause this storm. The center of a hurricane different from a hurricane. is called the eye. Strong winds swirl around the A tornado forms quickly hurricane’s eye. and moves fast over a small Hurricanes can cause a lot of damage. The heavy area of land. Tornado winds rain often causes flooding. Hurricane winds can can reach 250 miles per hour. blow up to 155 miles per hour. These winds can Tornado winds are much blow over buildings, power lines, and trees. If you stronger than hurricane winds, know a hurricane is coming to your area, but they don’t affect as large an area. stay indoors. Tornadoes are sometimes called twisters because they look like spinning towers of air. People say a tornado sounds like an airplane taking off or a train roaring down its track. Hurricanes are large storms that form over the ocean. 10 11
Thunderstorms and Blizzards Storms that cause rain, thunder, and lightning are called thunderstorms. Thunderstorms, which usually last for short periods of time, can also cause high winds and hail. Hail is water that freezes inside large storm clouds. The hailstones become heavy and fall to the ground as chunks of ice. Hail can happen even if it is warm. A blizzard is a dangerous winter storm. During a blizzard, temperatures drop and heavy snow falls. Strong winds blow the snow into drifts. Because of the wind and the snow, it is hard to see well. People should not drive during a Staying Safe During Storms blizzard. It is easy to have an accident or get lost. Storms can be dangerous. People need to know Snowdrifts almost buried how to stay safe during them. these cabins during a blizzard. How do people know if a dangerous storm is coming? The National Weather Service staff monitors the weather. They send announcements to radio and TV stations. If there is a storm watch, it means a storm could happen in your area. If there is a storm warning, it means a storm is on its way. When people know that a storm is coming, they can get prepared. 12 13
The Weather and You At first you might have thought that there The seasons affect weather patterns. was little you could do about the weather. The weather in some seasons helps living Now you know differently! By watching for things to grow. The weather in other seasons National Weather Service reports, you can can hurt living things. There are many different prepare for dangerous weather. By cutting down kinds of weather, each with its own causes on car trips, you can help prevent air pollution. and effects. You can make a difference to the weather! Spring Summer Fall Winter 14 15
GlossaryVocabulary What did you learn? atmosphere blizzard 1. What are two qualities of air that atmospherehurricane the air that surrounds the Earth help people describe the weather? tornado weather 2. What does a barometer measure? blizzard a winter storm with low temperatures and heavy, 3. How do satellites help us predict blowing snow the weather? hurricane a tropical storm that forms over 4. You have now the ocean and causes strong winds read about why it snows so much and heavy rainfall in New York State. Using words from the book, write to explain why New York State gets so much snow. tornado a spinning column of air that has high wind speeds and sometimes 5. Make Inferences If there is Picture Credits touches the ground a lot of traffic on a warm day in Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions. a large city, what kind of warning Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R), Background (Bkgd). Opener: Digital Vision; 3 (TR) Getty Images; 5 Jim Reed/Corbis; 6 Getty Images; 7 Getty Images;weather what it is like outside do you think it would be likely for 9 (TL) Getty Images, (BR) Digital Vision; 10 Getty Images; 11 Getty Images; 12 Corbis; 13 Getty Images; a weather reporter to give? 14 (BL, BR) Getty Images; 15 (BL) Digital Vision, (BR) Brand X Pictures. Scott Foresman/Dorling Kindersley would also like to thank: 4 (BR) Stephen Oliver/DK Images. Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the copyright © of Dorling Kindersley, a division of Pearson. ISBN: 0-328-13824-X Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V010 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 0516
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