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goupee.vn goupee.com Table of Contents Introduction 1.1 Dedication 1.2 Preface 1.3 About Python 1.4 Installation 1.5 First Steps 1.6 Basics 1.7 Operators and Expressions 1.8 Control flow 1.9 Functions 1.10 Modules 1.11 Data Structures 1.12 Problem Solving 1.13 Object Oriented Programming 1.14 Input and Output 1.15 Exceptions 1.16 Standard Library 1.17 More 1.18 What Next 1.19 Appendix: FLOSS 1.20 Appendix: About 1.21 Appendix: Revision History 1.22 Appendix: Translations 1.23 Appendix: Translation How-to 1.24 Feedback 1.25 fb.com/goupee.vn 1
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Introduction goupee.vn goupee.com A Byte of Python "A Byte of Python" is a free book on programming using the Python language. It serves as a tutorial or guide to the Python language for a beginner audience. If all you know about computers is how to save text files, then this is the book for you. For Python version 3 This book will teach you to use Python version 3. There will also be guidance for you to adapt to the older and more common Python version 2 in the book. Who reads A Byte of Python? Here are what people are saying about the book: This is the book that got me into programming almost a decade ago. Thank you @swaroopch. You changed my life. -- Stefan Froelich This is the best beginner's tutorial I've ever seen! Thank you for your effort. -- Walt Michalik The best thing i found was "A Byte of Python", which is simply a brilliant book for a beginner. It's well written, the concepts are well explained with self evident examples. -- Joshua Robin Excellent gentle introduction to programming #Python for beginners -- Shan Rajasekaran start to love python with every single page read -- Herbert Feutl perfect beginners guide for python, will give u key to unlock magical world of python -- Dilip I should be doing my actual "work" but just found "A Byte of Python". A great guide with great examples. -- Biologist John Recently started reading a Byte of python. Awesome work. And that too for free. Highly recommended for aspiring pythonistas. -- Mangesh fb.com/goupee.vn 2
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Introduction goupee.vn goupee.com A Byte of Python, written by Swaroop. (this is the book I'm currently reading). Probably the best to start with, and probably the best in the world for every newbie or even a more experienced user. -- Apostolos Enjoying Reading #ByteOfPython by @swaroopch best book ever -- Yuvraj Sharma A Byte of Python by @swaroopch is still the "Best newbie guide to python" -- Nickson Kaigi Thank you so much for writing A Byte Of Python. I just started learning how to code two days ago and I'm already building some simple games. Your guide has been a dream and I just wanted to let you know how valuable it has been. -- Franklin I'm from Dayanandasagar College of Engineering (7th sem, CSE). Firstly i want to say that your book "The byte of python" is too good a book for a beginner in python like me.The concepts are so well explained with simple examples that helped me to easily learn python. Thank you so much. -- Madhura I am a 18 year old IT student studying at University in Ireland. I would like to express my gratitude to you for writing your book "A Byte of Python", I already had knowledge of 3 programming langagues - C, Java and Javascript, and Python was by far the easiest langague I have ever learned, and that was mainly because your book was fantastic and made learning python very simple and interesting. It is one of the best written and easy to follow programming books I have ever read. Congratulations and keep up the great work. -- Matt Hi, I'm from Dominican Republic. My name is Pavel, recently I read your book A Byte of Python and I consider it excellent!! :). I learnt much from all the examples. Your book is of great help for newbies like me... -- Pavel Simo I am a student from China, Now ,I have read you book A byte of Python, Oh it's beautiful. The book is very simple but can help all the first learnners. You know I am interesting in Java and cloud computing many times, i have to coding programm for the server, so i think python is a good choice, finish your book, i think its not only a good choice its must use the Python. My English is not very well, the email to you, i just wanna thank you! Best Wishes for you and your family. -- Roy Lau I recently finished reading Byte of Python, and I thought I really ought to thank you. I was very sad to reach the final pages as I now have to go back to dull, tedious oreilly or etc. manuals for learning about python. Anyway, I really appreciate your book. Samuel Young fb.com/goupee.vn 3
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Introduction goupee.vn goupee.com Dear Swaroop, I am taking a class from an instructor that has no interest in teaching. We are using Learning Python, second edition, by O'Reilly. It is not a text for beginner without any programming knowledge, and an instructor that should be working in another field. Thank you very much for your book, without it I would be clueless about Python and programming. Thanks a million, you are able to break the message down to a level that beginners can understand and not everyone can. -- Joseph Duarte I love your book! It is the greatest Python tutorial ever, and a very useful reference. Brilliant, a true masterpiece! Keep up the good work! -- Chris-André Sommerseth First of all, I want to say thanks to you for this greate book. I think it is a good book for those who are looking for a beginner's tutorial for Python. It is about two or there years ago, I think, when I first heard of this book. At that time, I am not able to read some book in English yet, so I got a chinese translation, which took me into the gate of Python programming. Recently, I reread this book. This time, of course, the english version. I couldn't believe that I can read the whole book without my dictionary at hand. Of course, it all dues to your effort to make this book an easy-to-understand one. -- myd7349 I'm just e-mailing you to thank you for writing Byte of Python online. I had been attempting Python for a few months prior to stumbling across your book, and although I made limited success with pyGame, I never completed a program. Thanks to your simplification of the categories, Python actually seems a reachable goal. It seems like I have finally learned the foundations and I can continue into my real goal, game development. ... Once again, thanks VERY much for placing such a structured and helpful guide to basic programming on the web. It shoved me into and out of OOP with an understanding where two text books had failed. -- Matt Gallivan I would like to thank you for your book A Byte of Python which i myself find the best way to learn python. I am a 15 year old i live in egypt my name is Ahmed. Python was my second programming language i learn visual basic 6 at school but didn't enjoy it, however i really enjoyed learning python. I made the addressbook program and i was sucessful. i will try to start make more programs and read python programs (if you could tell me source that would be helpful). I will also start on learning java and if you can tell me where to find a tutorial as good as yours for java that would help me a lot. Thanx. -- Ahmed Mohammed A wonderful resource for beginners wanting to learn more about Python is the 110-page PDF tutorial A Byte of Python by Swaroop C H. It is well-written, easy to follow, and may be the best introduction to Python programming available. -- Drew Ames fb.com/goupee.vn 4
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Introduction goupee.vn goupee.com Yesterday I got through most of Byte of Python on my Nokia N800 and it's the easiest and most concise introduction to Python I have yet encountered. Highly recommended as a starting point for learning Python. -- Jason Delport Byte of Vim and Python by @swaroopch is by far the best works in technical writing to me. Excellent reads #FeelGoodFactor -- Surendran "Byte of python" best one by far man (in response to the question "Can anyone suggest a good, inexpensive resource for learning the basics of Python? ") -- Justin LoveTrue The Book Byte of python was very helpful ..Thanks bigtime :) Chinmay Always been a fan of A Byte of Python - made for both new and experienced programmers. -- Patrick Harrington I started learning python few days ago from your book..thanks for such a nice book. it is so well written, you made my life easy..so you found a new fan of yours..thats me :) tons of thanks. -- Gadadhari Bheem Before I started to learn Python, I've acquired basic programming skills in Assembly, C, C++, C# and Java. The very reason I wanted to learn Python is it's popular (people are talking about it) and powerful (reality). This book written by Mr. Swaroop is a very good guide for both brand-new programmers and new python programmers. Took 10 half days to go through it. Great Help! -- Fang Biyi (PhD Candidate ECE, Michigan State University) Thank you ever so much for this book!! This book cleared up many questions I had about certain aspects of Python such as object oriented programming. I do not feel like an expert at OO but I know this book helped me on a first step or two. I have now written several python programs that actually do real things for me as a system administrator. They are all procedural oriented but they are small by most peoples standards. Again, thanks for this book. Thank you for having it on the web. -- Bob I just want to thank you for writing the first book on programming I've ever really read. Python is now my first language, and I can just imagine all the possibilities. So thank you for giving me the tools to create things I never would have imagined I could do before. -- "The Walrus" fb.com/goupee.vn 5
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Introduction goupee.vn goupee.com I wanted to thank you for writing A Byte Of Python (2 & 3 Versions). It has been invaluable to my learning experience in Python & Programming in general. Needless to say, I am a beginner in the programming world, a couple of months of self study up to this point. I had been using youtube tutorials & some other online tutorials including other free books. I decided to dig into your book yesterday, & I've learned more on the first few pages than any other book or tutorial. A few things I had been confused about, were cleared right up with a GREAT example & explanation. Can't wait to read (and learn) more!! Thank you so much for not only writing the book, but for putting it under the creative commons license (free). Thank goodness there are unselfish people like you out there to help & teach the rest of us. -- Chris I wrote you back in 2011 and I was just getting into Python and wanted to thank you for your tutorial "A Byte of Python". Without it, I would have fallen by the wayside. Since then I have gone on to program a number of functions in my organization with this language with yet more on the horizon. I would not call myself an advanced programmer by any stretch but I notice the occasional request for assistance now from others since I started using it. I discovered, while reading "Byte" why I had ceased studying C and C++ and it was because the book given to me started out with an example containing an augmented assignment. Of course, there was no explanation for this arrangement of operators and I fell on my head trying to make sense of what was on the written page. As I recall it was a most frustrating exercise which I eventually abandoned. Doesn't mean C or C++ is impossible to learn, or even that I am stupid, but it does mean that the documentation I worked my way through did not define the symbols and words which is an essential part of any instruction. Just as computers will not be able to understand a computer word or computer symbol that is outside the syntax for the language being used, a student new to any field will not grasp his subject if he encounters words or symbols for which there are no definitions. You get a "blue screen" as it were in either case. The solution is simple, though: find the word or symbol and get the proper definition or symbol and lo and behold,the computer or student can proceed. Your book was so well put together that I found very little in it I couldn't grasp. So, thank you. I encourage you to continue to include full definitions of terms. The documentation with Python is good, once you know, (the examples are its strength from what I see) but in many cases it seems that you have to know in order to understand the documentation which to my mind is not what should be. Third party tutorials express the need for clarification of the documentation and their success largely depends on the words that are used to describe the terminology. I have recommended your book to many others. Some in Australia, some in the Caribbean and yet others in the US. It fills a niche no others do. I hope you are doing well and wish you all the success in the future. -- Nick fb.com/goupee.vn 6
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Introduction goupee.vn goupee.com hey, this is ankush(19). I was facing a great difficulty to start with python. I tried a lot of books but all were bulkier and not target oriented; and then i found this lovely one, which made me love python in no time. Thanks a lot for this "beautiful piece of book". -- Ankush I would like to thank you for your excellent guide on Python. I am a molecular biologist (with little programming background) and for my work I need to handle big datasets of DNA sequences and to analyse microscope images. For both things, programming in python has been useful, if not essential to complete and publish a 6-years project. That such a guide is freely available is a clear sign that the forces of evil are not yet ruling the world! :) -- Luca Since this is going to be the first language you learn, you should use A Byte of Python. It really gives a proper introduction into programming in Python and it is paced well enough for the average beginner. The most important thing from then on will be actually starting to practice making your own little programs. -- "{Unregistered}" Just to say a loud and happy thank you very much for publishing "A Byte of Python" and "A Byte of Vim". Those books were very useful to me four or five years ago when I starting learning programming. Right now I'm developing a project that was a dream for a long, long time and just want to say thank you. Keep walking. You are a source of motivation. All the best. -- Jocimar Finished reading A byte of Python in 3 days. It is thoroughly interesting. Not a single page was boring. I want to understand the Orca screen reader code. Your book has hopefully equipped me for it. -- Dattatray Hi, 'A byte of python' is really a good reading for python beginners. So, again, NICE WORK! i'm a 4 years experienced Java&C developer from China. Recently, i want to do some work on zim-wiki note project which uses pygtk to implement. i read your book in 6 days, and i can read and write python code examples now. thx for your contribution. plz keep your enthusiasm to make this world better, this is just a little encourage from China. -- Lee I am Isen from Taiwan, who is a graduating PhD student in Electrical Engineering Department of National Taiwan University. I would like to thank you for your great book. I think it is not only just easy to read but also comprehensive and complete for a new comer of Python. The reason I read your book is that I am starting to work on the GNU Radio framework. Your book let me catch most of important core ideas and skill of Python with a minimum time. I also saw that you do not mind that readers send you a thank note in your book. So I really like your book and appreciate it. Thanks. -- Isen I- Chun Chao fb.com/goupee.vn 7
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Introduction goupee.vn goupee.com The book is even used by NASA! It is used in their Jet Propulsion Laboratory with their Deep Space Network project. Academic Courses This book is/was being used as instructional material in various educational institutions: 'Principles of Programming Languages' course at Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 'Basic Concepts of Computing' course at University of California, Davis 'Programming With Python' course at Harvard University 'Introduction to Programming' course at University of Leeds 'Introduction to Application Programming' course at Boston University 'Information Technology Skills for Meteorology' course at University of Oklahoma 'Geoprocessing' course at Michigan State University 'Multi Agent Semantic Web Systems' course at the University of Edinburgh 'Introduction to Computer Science and Programming' at MIT OpenCourseWare 'Basic programming at the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia' -- Aleš Žiberna says "I (and my predecessor) have been using your book as the main literature for this course" 'Introduction to programming', Department of Information Sciences, University of Zadar, Croatia -- Krešimir Zauder says "I would like to inform you that A Byte of Python is a mandatory read at my course" License This book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. This means: You are free to Share i.e. to copy, distribute and transmit this book You are free to Remix i.e. to make changes to this book (especially translations) You are free to use it for commercial purposes Please note: Please do not sell electronic or printed copies of the book unless you have clearly and prominently mentioned in the description that these copies are not from the original author of this book. Attribution must be shown in the introductory description and front page of the document by linking back to https://python.swaroopch.com/ and clearly indicating that fb.com/goupee.vn 8
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Introduction goupee.vn goupee.com the original text can be fetched from this location. All the code/scripts provided in this book is licensed under the 3-clause BSD License unless otherwise noted. Read Now You can read it online at https://python.swaroopch.com/ Buy The Book A printed hardcopy of the book can be purchased at https://www.swaroopch.com/buybook/ for your offline reading pleasure, and to support the continued development and improvement of this book. Download Visit https://www.gitbook.com/book/swaroopch/byte-of-python/details for the following types of downloads: PDF (for desktop reading, etc.) EPUB (for iPhone/iPad, ebook readers, etc.) Mobi (for Kindle) Visit https://github.com/swaroopch/byte-of-python for the raw content (for suggesting corrections, changes, translating, etc.) Read the book in your native language If you are interested in reading or contributing translations of this book to other human languages, please see Translations. fb.com/goupee.vn 9
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Dedication goupee.vn goupee.com Dedication To Kalyan Varma and many other seniors at PESIT who introduced us to GNU/Linux and the world of open source. To the memory of Atul Chitnis, a friend and guide who shall be missed greatly. To the pioneers who made the Internet happen. This book was first written in 2003. It still remains popular, thanks to the nature of sharing knowledge on the Internet as envisioned by the pioneers. fb.com/goupee.vn 10
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Preface goupee.vn goupee.com Preface Python is probably one of the few programming languages which is both simple and powerful. This is good for beginners as well as for experts, and more importantly, is fun to program with. This book aims to help you learn this wonderful language and show how to get things done quickly and painlessly - in effect 'The Anti-venom to your programming problems'. Who This Book Is For This book serves as a guide or tutorial to the Python programming language. It is mainly targeted at newbies. It is useful for experienced programmers as well. The aim is that if all you know about computers is how to save text files, then you can learn Python from this book. If you have previous programming experience, then you can also learn Python from this book. If you do have previous programming experience, you will be interested in the differences between Python and your favorite programming language - I have highlighted many such differences. A little warning though, Python is soon going to become your favorite programming language! Official Website The official website of the book is https://python.swaroopch.com/ where you can read the whole book online, download the latest versions of the book, buy a printed hard copy and also send me feedback. Something To Think About There are two ways of constructing a software design: one way is to make it so simple that there are obviously no deficiencies; the other is to make it so complicated that there are no obvious deficiencies. -- C. A. R. Hoare Success in life is a matter not so much of talent and opportunity as of concentration and perseverance. -- C. W. Wendte fb.com/goupee.vn 11
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About Python goupee.vn goupee.com About Python Python is one of those rare languages which can claim to be both simple and powerful. You will find yourself pleasantly surprised to see how easy it is to concentrate on the solution to the problem rather than the syntax and structure of the language you are programming in. The official introduction to Python is: Python is an easy to learn, powerful programming language. It has efficient high-level data structures and a simple but effective approach to object-oriented programming. Python's elegant syntax and dynamic typing, together with its interpreted nature, make it an ideal language for scripting and rapid application development in many areas on most platforms. I will discuss most of these features in more detail in the next section. Story behind the name Guido van Rossum, the creator of the Python language, named the language after the BBC show "Monty Python's Flying Circus". He doesn't particularly like snakes that kill animals for food by winding their long bodies around them and crushing them. Features of Python Simple Python is a simple and minimalistic language. Reading a good Python program feels almost like reading English, although very strict English! This pseudo-code nature of Python is one of its greatest strengths. It allows you to concentrate on the solution to the problem rather than the language itself. Easy to Learn As you will see, Python is extremely easy to get started with. Python has an extraordinarily simple syntax, as already mentioned. Free and Open Source fb.com/goupee.vn 13
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About Python goupee.vn goupee.com Python is an example of a FLOSS (Free/Libré and Open Source Software). In simple terms, you can freely distribute copies of this software, read its source code, make changes to it, and use pieces of it in new free programs. FLOSS is based on the concept of a community which shares knowledge. This is one of the reasons why Python is so good - it has been created and is constantly improved by a community who just want to see a better Python. High-level Language When you write programs in Python, you never need to bother about the low-level details such as managing the memory used by your program, etc. Portable Due to its open-source nature, Python has been ported to (i.e. changed to make it work on) many platforms. All your Python programs can work on any of these platforms without requiring any changes at all if you are careful enough to avoid any system-dependent features. You can use Python on GNU/Linux, Windows, FreeBSD, Macintosh, Solaris, OS/2, Amiga, AROS, AS/400, BeOS, OS/390, z/OS, Palm OS, QNX, VMS, Psion, Acorn RISC OS, VxWorks, PlayStation, Sharp Zaurus, Windows CE and PocketPC! You can even use a platform like Kivy to create games for your computer and for iPhone, iPad, and Android. Interpreted This requires a bit of explanation. A program written in a compiled language like C or C++ is converted from the source language i.e. C or C++ into a language that is spoken by your computer (binary code i.e. 0s and 1s) using a compiler with various flags and options. When you run the program, the linker/loader software copies the program from hard disk to memory and starts running it. Python, on the other hand, does not need compilation to binary. You just run the program directly from the source code. Internally, Python converts the source code into an intermediate form called bytecodes and then translates this into the native language of your computer and then runs it. All this, actually, makes using Python much easier since you don't have to worry about compiling the program, making sure that the proper libraries are linked and loaded, etc. This also makes your Python programs much more portable, since you can just copy your Python program onto another computer and it just works! fb.com/goupee.vn 14
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About Python goupee.vn goupee.com Object Oriented Python supports procedure-oriented programming as well as object-oriented programming. In procedure-oriented languages, the program is built around procedures or functions which are nothing but reusable pieces of programs. In object-oriented languages, the program is built around objects which combine data and functionality. Python has a very powerful but simplistic way of doing OOP, especially when compared to big languages like C++ or Java. Extensible If you need a critical piece of code to run very fast or want to have some piece of algorithm not to be open, you can code that part of your program in C or C++ and then use it from your Python program. Embeddable You can embed Python within your C/C++ programs to give scripting capabilities for your program's users. Extensive Libraries The Python Standard Library is huge indeed. It can help you do various things involving regular expressions,documentation generation, unit testing, threading, databases, web browsers, CGI, FTP, email, XML, XML-RPC, HTML, WAV files, cryptography, GUI (graphical user interfaces), and other system-dependent stuff. Remember, all this is always available wherever Python is installed. This is called the Batteries Included philosophy of Python. Besides the standard library, there are various other high-quality libraries which you can find at the Python Package Index. Summary Python is indeed an exciting and powerful language. It has the right combination of performance and features that make writing programs in Python both fun and easy. Python 3 versus 2 You can ignore this section if you're not interested in the difference between "Python version 2" and "Python version 3". But please do be aware of which version you are using. This book is written for Python version 3. fb.com/goupee.vn 15
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About Python goupee.vn goupee.com Remember that once you have properly understood and learn to use one version, you can easily learn the differences and use the other one. The hard part is learning programming and understanding the basics of Python language itself. That is our goal in this book, and once you have achieved that goal, you can easily use Python 2 or Python 3 depending on your situation. For details on differences between Python 2 and Python 3, see: The future of Python 2 Porting Python 2 Code to Python 3 Writing code that runs under both Python2 and 3 Supporting Python 3: An in-depth guide What Programmers Say You may find it interesting to read what great hackers like ESR have to say about Python: Eric S. Raymond is the author of "The Cathedral and the Bazaar" and is also the person who coined the term Open Source. He says that Python has become his favorite programming language. This article was the real inspiration for my first brush with Python. Bruce Eckel is the author of the famous 'Thinking in Java' and 'Thinking in C++' books. He says that no language has made him more productive than Python. He says that Python is perhaps the only language that focuses on making things easier for the programmer. Read the complete interview for more details. Peter Norvig is a well-known Lisp author and Director of Search Quality at Google (thanks to Guido van Rossum for pointing that out). He says that writing Python is like writing in pseudocode. He says that Python has always been an integral part of Google. You can actually verify this statement by looking at the Google Jobs page which lists Python knowledge as a requirement for software engineers. fb.com/goupee.vn 16
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Installation goupee.vn goupee.com Installation When we refer to "Python 3" in this book, we will be referring to any version of Python equal to or greater than version Python 3.6.0. Installation on Windows Visit https://www.python.org/downloads/ and download the latest version. At the time of this writing, it was Python 3.5.1 The installation is just like any other Windows-based software. Note that if your Windows version is pre-Vista, you should download Python 3.4 only as later versions require newer versions of Windows. CAUTION: Make sure you check option Add Python 3.5 to PATH . To change install location, click on Customize installation , then Next and enter C:\python35 (or another appropriate location) as the install location. If you didn𐀀t check the Add Python 3.5 PATH option earlier, check Add Python to environment variables . This does the same thing as Add Python 3.5 to PATH on the first install screen. You can choose to install Launcher for all users or not, it does not matter much. Launcher is used to switch between different versions of Python installed. If your path was not set correctly (by checking the Add Python 3.5 Path or Add Python to environment variables options), then follow the steps in the next section ( DOS Prompt ) to fix it. Otherwise, go to the Running Python prompt on Windows section in this document. NOTE: For people who already know programming, if you are familiar with Docker, check out Python in Docker and Docker on Windows. DOS Prompt If you want to be able to use Python from the Windows command line i.e. the DOS prompt, then you need to set the PATH variable appropriately. For Windows 2000, XP, 2003 , click on Control Panel -> System -> Advanced -> Environment Variables . Click on the variable named PATH in the System Variables section, then select Edit and add ;C:\Python35 (please verify that this folder exists, it will be fb.com/goupee.vn 17
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Installation goupee.vn goupee.com different for newer versions of Python) to the end of what is already there. Of course, use the appropriate directory name. For older versions of Windows, open the file C:\AUTOEXEC.BAT and add the line PATH=%PATH%;C:\Python35 and restart the system. For Windows NT, use the AUTOEXEC.NT file. For Windows Vista: Click Start and choose Control Panel Click System, on the right you'll see "View basic information about your computer" On the left is a list of tasks, the last of which is Advanced system settings . Click that. The Advanced tab of the System Properties dialog box is shown. Click the Environment Variables button on the bottom right. In the lower box titled System Variables scroll down to Path and click the Edit button. Change your path as need be. Restart your system. Vista didn't pick up the system path environment variable change until I restarted. For Windows 7 and 8: Right click on Computer from your desktop and select Properties or click Start and choose Control Panel -> System and Security -> System . Click on Advanced system settings on the left and then click on the Advanced tab. At the bottom click on Environment Variables and under System variables , look for the PATH variable, select and then press Edit . Go to the end of the line under Variable value and append ;C:\Python35 (please verify that this folder exists, it will be different for newer versions of Python) to the end of what is already there. Of course, use the appropriate folder name. If the value was %SystemRoot%\system32; It will now become %SystemRoot%\system32;C:\Python36 Click OK and you are done. No restart is required, however you may have to close and reopen the command line. For Windows 10: Windows Start Menu > Settings > About > System Info (this is all the way over to the right) > Advanced System Settings > Environment Variables (this is towards the bottom) > (then highlight Path variable and click Edit ) > New > (type in whatever your python location is. For example, C:\Python35\ ) Running Python prompt on Windows fb.com/goupee.vn 18
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Installation goupee.vn goupee.com For Windows users, you can run the interpreter in the command line if you have set the PATH variable appropriately. To open the terminal in Windows, click the start button and click Run . In the dialog box, type cmd and press [enter] key. Then, type python and ensure there are no errors. Installation on Mac OS X For Mac OS X users, use Homebrew: brew install python3 . To verify, open the terminal by pressing [Command + Space] keys (to open Spotlight search), type Terminal and press [enter] key. Now, run python3 and ensure there are no errors. Installation on GNU/Linux For GNU/Linux users, use your distribution's package manager to install Python 3, e.g. on Debian & Ubuntu: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install python3 . To verify, open the terminal by opening the Terminal application or by pressing Alt + F2 and entering gnome-terminal . If that doesn't work, please refer the documentation of your particular GNU/Linux distribution. Now, run python3 and ensure there are no errors. You can see the version of Python on the screen by running: $ python3 -V Python 3.6.0 NOTE: $ is the prompt of the shell. It will be different for you depending on the settings of the operating system on your computer, hence I will indicate the prompt by just the $ symbol. CAUTION: Output may be different on your computer, depending on the version of Python software installed on your computer. Summary From now on, we will assume that you have Python installed on your system. Next, we will write our first Python program. fb.com/goupee.vn 19
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