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VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FACULTY OF AGRONOMY UNDERGRADUATE THESIS TITLE OF RESEARCH: “COMBINING ABILITY FOR TRAITS ASSOCIATED WITH YIELD AND QUALITY OF SWEET CORN (ZEA MAYS L. SACCHARATA)” Student : Ngo Thi Nhung Student code : 611712 Class : K61KHCTT Instructor : Prof. PhD Vu Van Liet Department : Plant Genetics and Breeding Ha Noi - 2021
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my respect and deep gratitude to Prof. PhD Vu Van Liet, for giving me the opportunity to carry out this work, and his huge efforts, enthusiasm, and support throughout the duration of the undergraduate thesis. I would like to express sincere gratitude to MSc. Tran Thi Thanh Ha and all the members of Research and Technology Development Plant – Crop Research Institute and Plant Development were enthusiastic to help me through the project. I would also like to thank the Directors, Management Training, Department of Genetics - Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agronomy – Vietnam National University of Agriculture (VNUA was dedicated to help me during earning process, to complete the thesis. Finally, I would like to thank my family, those with us and those sadly departed. You provided fantastic support and inspiration throughout the duration of this undergraduate thesis, and without you all, this would never have been possible. Hanoi, 1st March 2021 Student Ngo Thi Nhung i
CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................. i CONTENTS...................................................................................................................... ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLE ...............................................................................................................v LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ vii ABSTRACT................................................................................................................... viii I. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................1 1.1. Introduction.................................................................................................................1 1.2. Objectives and requirements ......................................................................................3 1.2.1. Objectives ................................................................................................................3 1.2.2. Requirements ...........................................................................................................3 II. LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................4 2.1. Sweet corn production in the world and in Vietnam .................................................4 2.1.1. Sweet corn production in the world. .......................................................................4 2.1.2. Sweet maize production in Vietnam .......................................................................7 2.2. Origin and classification of sweet maize ...................................................................9 2.3. Genetics of sweet maize .......................................................................................... 12 2.5. Combining ability .................................................................................................... 17 2.5.1. General combining ability .................................................................................... 19 2.5.2. Specific combining ability ................................................................................... 19 III. MATERIALS AND METHODS.......................................................................... 21 3.1. Materials .................................................................................................................. 21 3.2. Location and time of research ................................................................................. 21 3.3. Research content...................................................................................................... 21 3.4. Experiment design: .................................................................................................. 22 3.5. Field experiments: ................................................................................................... 22 3.6. Data collection ......................................................................................................... 25 ii
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION .............................................................................. 36 4.1. Growth duration of sweet maize hybrids tested in the Autumn- Winter season of 2020 in Gia Lam, Ha Noi....................................................................................... 36 4.2. Some morphological characteristics of sweet maize hybrids in Autumn-Winter season of 2020 at Gia Lam, Ha Noi....................................................................... 41 4.3. Leaf area and leaf area index of the sweet maize hybrids in the experiment in Autumn Winter 2020 in Gia Lam, Hanoi .............................................................. 44 4.4. The pest and disease resistance in the field of the sweet corn hybrids in the experiment in Autumn Winter season 2020 at Gia Lam, Hanoi. .......................... 45 4.5. Ear morphological characteristics of sweet maize hybrids in the Autumn Winter 2020 experiment at Gia Lam, Hanoi...................................................................... 49 4.6. The yield and yield components of the sweet maize hybrids in the Autumn Winter 2020 experiment at Gia Lam, Hanoi...................................................................... 52 4.7. Some sensory quality traits of sweet maize hybrids in Autumn Winter 2020 experiment at Gia Lam, Hanoi............................................................................... 56 4.8. Combining ability of sweet maize parent lines in Autumn-Winter 2020 experiment at Gia Lam, Ha Noi. ............................................................................................... 59 4.8.1. Combing ability of sweet maize parent lines associated for yield in Autumn- Winter 2020 experiment at Gia Lam, Ha Noi. ...................................................... 59 4.8.2. Combing ability of sweet maize parent lines associated for brix degree in Autumn-Winter 2020 experiment at Gia Lam, Ha Noi......................................... 64 V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .................................................. 69 5.1. Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 69 5.2. Recommendation ..................................................................................................... 70 VI. REFERENCES....................................................................................................... 71 APPENDIX I .................................................................................................................. 73 APPENDIX II................................................................................................................. 79 iii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ASI Anthesis-silking interval CV Coefficient of Variance GCA General combining ability LSD Least significant difference SCA Specific combining ability iv
LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1. Corn production in the world from 2014 to 2018. ..........................................4 Table 2.2. Distribution of area, yield and corn production by region in 2018.................5 Table 2.3. Top 10 countries leading corn production and corn yield in the world 2018...................................................................................................................5 Table 2.4. Area, yield and corn production in Vietnam from 2014 to 2018 ....................8 Table 2. 5. Endosperm genes used in commercial sweet corn cultivars. .................. 12 Table 2. 6. Carbohydrate composition of various endosperm genotypes at 21 days after pollination (DAP) or mature seed ........................................................ 14 Table 3.1. Score range for some eating indicators of sweet maize. .............................. 33 Table 4.1. The growth stages of sweet corn hybrids in Autumn Winter season of 2020 in Gia Lam, Ha Noi .............................................................................. 36 Table 4. 2. Some indicators of plant morphology and number of leaves of sweet corn hybrids in the Autumn Winter season 2020 experiment in Gia Lam, Hanoi .............................................................................................................. 41 Table 4.3. Leaf area and leaf area index of sweet corn hybrids in the experiment in Autumn-Winter season 2020 at Gia Lam, Ha Noi........................................ 45 Table 4.4.The level of pest and disease resistance and anti-pour ability of the sweet corn hybrids in the experiment in Autumn Winter season 2020 at Gia Lam, Hanoi.............................................................................................. 46 Table 4.5. Ear morphological characteristics of sweet maize hybrids in the Autumn Winter 2020 experiment at Gia Lam, Hanoi. ................................. 50 Table 4.6. The yield and yield components of the sweet maize hybrids in the Autumn Winter 2020 experiment at Gia Lam, Hanoi. ................................. 53 Table 4.7. Some sensory quality indicators of sweet maize hybrids in Autumn Winter 2020 experiment at Gia Lam, Hanoi................................................. 56 Table 4.8. Mean of fresh yield of sweet maize follows Griffing model-IV in Autumn-Winter 2020 experiment at Gia Lam, Ha Noi. ............................... 59 Table 4.9. General combination ability associated for yield of 6 sweet maize lines .... 60 v
Table 4.10. Variation of general combination associated for yield............................... 60 Table 4.11. Special combination ability for yield of 6 sweet maize lines .................... 61 Table 4. 12. Variation of special combination associated for yield of 6 sweet maize lines ................................................................................................................ 62 Table 4.13. Verifying combining ability associated for yield of 6 sweet maize lines ................................................................................................................ 62 Table 4.14. Mean of Brix degree of sweet maize follows Griffing model-IV in Autumn-Winter 2020 experiment at Gia Lam, Ha Noi. ............................... 64 Table 4.15. General combining ability associated for Brix degree of 6 sweet maize lines ................................................................................................................ 65 Table 4.16. Variation of general combining ability associated for Brix degree of 6 sweet maize lines ........................................................................................... 65 Table 4.17. Specific combining ability associated for Brix degree of 6 sweet maize lines ................................................................................................................ 66 Table 4.18. Variation of specific combining ability associated for Brix degree of 6 sweet maize lines ........................................................................................... 66 Table 4.19. Verifying combining ability associated for Brix degree of 6 sweet maize lines...................................................................................................... 67 vi
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2. 1. Sweet corn production of the world from 1990 to 2003 (source: USDA 2004)............................................................................................................6 Figure 3. 1. Diagram of pericarp and tip cap indicating peeling procedure.................. 35 Figure 4. 1. Fresh yield of sweet maize hybrids in the Autumn-Winter experiment 2020 at Gia Lam, Ha Noi. ........................................................................ 55 Figure 4. 2. General combination ability associated for yield of 6 sweet maize lines in autumn-winter 2020 experiment at Gia Lam, Ha Noi............................. 61 Figure 4. 3. General combining ability associated for Brix degree of 6 sweet maize lines........................................................................................................... 65 vii
ABSTRACT This experiment was conducted to evaluate the combining ability for traits associated for fresh yield and quality of the inbred sweet maize lines. In Autumn- Winter season 2020, we grew and evaluated 15 sweet corn hybrids of S6 inbred lines (sh2) generation that obtained from the breeding program of Crop Research and Development Institute, Vietnam National University of Agriculture (VNUA) and a control variety ( Viet Thai variety) layout in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. After harvesting, we measured yield and quality indicators of each hybrid and evaluated the combining ability of parent lines based on fresh yield and Brix degree. The results showed that, all hybrids have short growth duration (<105 days), tolerance to pest and disease is quite good, eating quality is fair- good, most hybrids with thin pericarp. Fresh yield of 15 hybrids from 10.67 tons/ha to 14.17tons/ha, lower than control. Evaluating combining ability for fresh yield of 6 parent lines, we were identified 2 promising sweet maize lines L1 and L6 with significant GCA and SCA. Offspring of them have high fresh yield and the difference with fresh yield of control variety is not significantly at 95% confidence level. Brix degree of 15 hybrids from 12.63% to16.40%. Evaluating combining ability for Brix degree of 6 parent lines, we were defined 3 promising inbred sweet maize lines L2, L4 and L6 to be parental materials for hybridization in Brix degree. viii
I. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Introduction. Corn (Zea mays) is one of the most important food crops in the world that is following rice and wheat. It is used for both human and animal consumption as food and forage. In the world, corn provided 11% of the daily calories consumed in human diet and in the developed countries this rate even up to 27% (Anonymous, 2018). Nowadays corn is also used to make biodiesel. Until 2018, the area of corn cultivation is 193,733,568 ha and the productivity is 5923.7 kg/ha with an output of 1,147,621,938 tones (FAOSTAT, 2020). In Vietnam, corn is one of several crops together with broken rice, cassava, rice bran that is raw material for animal feed. In 2018, corn production in Vietnam is 4.905.900 tones (General Statistic Office of Vietnam, 2020), but it is not enough for demand of domestic market for animal feed processing. According to data of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, in the first 11 months of 2018, Vietnam imported 9.53 million tons of corn with a total value of 1.98 billion USD. The demand of animal feed in our country is now very large and will increase rapidly because of strong development of livestock industry and fisheries sector. Sweet corn (Zea mays L. saccharacta) is a common mutant corn with high content of sugar and low content of starch. Each cob of sweet corn can give roughly 22% of daily requirement for vitamin A and C, magnesium and iron (Muhammad and Syed, 2010). Sweet corn is quite versatile. We can use it in its fresh form or processed form in the canned product industry (Camilo et al., 2015). So sweet corn has become an important commodity in many countries (El-Hamed et al., 2011). Sweet corn has its origin from a mutation that influences carbohydrate biosynthesis in the endosperm. In the genome of sweet corn, at least one of the eight mutant genes preventing the conversion of sugars to starch is present. 1
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